0001104659-26-032080 | 10-K | XBRL Viewer

Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

9.	Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is not a party to any material legal proceedings and is not aware of any pending or threatened claims. From time to time, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities.

Share-Based Compensation - Other share-based compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense	$ 12,332	$ 16,798

Income Taxes - Components of loss before income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Income Taxes
U.S. operations	$ (69,615)	$ (41,837)
Non-U.S. operations	965	(10,566)
Loss before income taxes	$ (68,650)	$ (52,403)

- Definition

Amount of income (loss) from continuing operations, including income (loss) from equity method investments, before deduction of income tax expense (benefit), and income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest.

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+ Details

Fair Value Measurements - Private Placement Warrants (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2025	Aug. 31, 2024	Aug. 27, 2024	Aug. 12, 2024
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 990
Change in fair value	$ 5,240
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Loss(Gain) from the change in fair value of the private placement warrants
Exchange of private placement warrants for Class A Ordinary Shares	$ (6,230)
Private Placement Warrants outstanding	0	0
Loss(Gain) from the change in fair value of the private placement warrants	$ 5,240
Private placement warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Number of warrants exchanged for shares			6,899,996		4,080,580
Private Placement Warrants outstanding				1,829,420
Private placement warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Loss(Gain) from the change in fair value of the private placement warrants	$ (5,200)

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Dec. 31, 2025
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Modified	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Modified	false

Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

12.

Subsequent Events

Resignation of Chief Executive Officer

On January 21, 2026 (the “Effective Date”), the Company and Robert Lisicki, the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer, entered into a separation agreement in connection with Mr. Lisicki’s resignation from the Company (the “Separation Agreement”), pursuant to which Mr. Lisicki will remain a non-executive employee of the Company through March 31, 2026 and will be eligible to receive transition compensation in an amount equal to $72,000 (on an annualized basis) (the “Transition Compensation”). Pursuant to the terms of the Separation Agreement, Mr. Lisicki is not eligible for a bonus for fiscal years 2025 or 2026, and vesting in Mr. Lisicki’s stock options ceased on the Effective Date. Under the Separation Agreement, following the Effective Date, Mr. Lisicki will also receive: (i) a lump-sum severance payment in an amount equal to twelve months of his base salary, as in effect immediately prior to the Effective Date, reduced by the amount of Transition Compensation received, and (ii) the full COBRA premium to continue his insurance in effect for himself and his dependents until the earliest of (a) nine months after the Resignation Date; (b) the expiration of his eligibility for the continuation coverage under COBRA; or (c) the date he becomes eligible for substantially equivalent health insurance coverage in connection with new employment or self-employment.

Additionally, the Separation Agreement provides for an extension of the post-termination exercise period for Mr. Lisicki’s outstanding vested stock options to the earlier of (i) March 31, 2027 or (ii) the applicable expiration date of the applicable stock option. The Separation Agreement also provides for accelerated vesting of 25% of the shares underlying the option granted to Mr. Lisicki on February 27, 2025 as of the Effective Date, which shares were originally scheduled to vest on February 27, 2026, subject to specified lock-up restrictions. All other unvested options outstanding as of the Effective Date were immediately forfeited.

Appointment of Chief Executive Officer

On the Effective Date, the Board, upon the recommendation of the nominating and governance committee of the Board, appointed Dr. Sandeep Kulkarni, a current director on the Board, as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and principal executive officer, effective as of the Effective Date. Dr. Kulkarni will also continue serving as a director on the Board. Also on the Effective Date, Ms. Davis, who was appointed as interim Chief Executive Officer, effective October 10, 2025, stepped down as interim Chief Executive Officer and interim principal executive officer and will continue with the Company in her roles as Chief Operating Officer, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary.

In connection with the appointment of Dr. Kulkarni as Chief Executive Officer, the Company entered into an offer letter with Dr. Kulkarni on the Effective Date (the “Offer Letter”). The Offer Letter provides for Dr. Kulkarni’s at-will employment as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Pursuant to the Offer Letter, Dr. Kulkarni will receive an annual base salary of $655,000 per year. Dr. Kulkarni will also be eligible to receive a discretionary annual cash bonus with a target amount equal to 55% of his base salary and to participate in the Company’s employee benefit plans and programs in accordance with the terms and conditions of the applicable plans and programs.

Pursuant to the Offer Letter, the Board also granted to Dr. Kulkarni the following equity awards, each effective as of the Effective Date with an exercise price equal to the closing price per share of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares on the Effective Date. The equity awards were granted pursuant to and subject to the terms and conditions of the Company’s 2023 Equity Incentive Plan:

●

an option to purchase 2,934,107 Class A ordinary shares (the “New-Hire Option Award”). The New-Hire Option Award will vest over four years, with 25% of the shares vesting on the first anniversary of the Effective Date and the remainder vesting in equal quarterly installments over the following three years, subject to Dr. Kulkarni’s continued service through each vesting date; and

●

an option to purchase 505,881 Class A ordinary shares of the Company (the “Performance Option Award”). The Performance Option Award will vest in full on the first date upon which both of the following performance goals are achieved, subject to Dr. Kulkarni’s continued service through such date: (a) the Company’s completion of an equity raise above a specified amount prior to a specified date, and (b) the volume-weighted average price of a Class A ordinary share of the Company equals or exceeds a specified price over a period of 30 consecutive trading days, prior to December 31, 2030.

February 2026 Equity Offering

On February 24, 2026, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Leerink Partners LLC, Piper Sandler & Co. and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as representatives of the several underwriters listed therein, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 21,200,000 Class A ordinary shares (the “Shares”), par value $0.0001 per share, at a price to the public of $6.25 per share, which included 3,000,000 additional Class A ordinary shares sold upon exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares of stock in the offering, along with pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase 1,800,000 Ordinary Shares at a price to the public of $6.249 per Pre-Funded Warrant, which represents the per share public offering price for the Shares less the $0.001 exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant (the “Offering”). The net proceeds from the Offering were approximately $135.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. The Offering closed on February 26, 2026.

Shareholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($)			1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Shareholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($)	Aug. 15, 2024	Mar. 16, 2023	Apr. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Sep. 17, 2024
Shareholders' Equity
Class A ordinary shares authorized (in shares)		300,000,000		300,000,000	300,000,000
Class A ordinary shares, par value per share (in dollars per share)		$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred shares, shares authorized		1,000,000
Preferred shares, par value per share (in dollars per share)		$ 0.0001
ATM transaction costs					$ 626,000
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares upon closing of business combination		$ 56,700,000
At The Market Offering
Shareholders' Equity
Aggregate amount of shares reserved						$ 300,000,000
ATM transaction costs					600,000
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares upon closing of business combination				$ 5,093,000	$ 5,534,000
Class A Ordinary shares
Shareholders' Equity
Aggregate amount of shares reserved				$ 114,000,000
Consideration for shares surrendered	$ 0		$ 0
Class A Ordinary shares \| At The Market Offering
Shareholders' Equity
Aggregate amount of shares reserved						$ 125,000,000
Number of Class A shares issued				3,000,000	1,500,000
Price per share				$ 1.75	$ 3.8

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 shares
Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares [Member]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of shares transferred	4,900,222

Income Taxes - Narrative information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Income Taxes
Income tax at U.S. federal statutory rate	21.00%	21.00%
Valuation allowance	$ 13.8
Income tax benefit
Uncertain tax positions	0.0
Amount of unrecorded benefit	0.0
UNITED KINGDOM
Income Taxes
Net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards	$ 6.3
Domestic
Income Taxes
Operating loss carryforwards, offset percent	80.00%
UNITED STATES
Income Taxes
Net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards	$ 59.4
State
Income Taxes
Net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards	$ 0.4
Operating loss carryforwards, offset percent	80.00%
Term of operating loss carryforward	20 years
State \| VA
Income Taxes
Net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards	$ 0.1
FLORIDA
Income Taxes
Net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards	0.2
VA
Income Taxes
Net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards	$ 0.1

Share-Based Compensation - Share option activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Non market based PSO
Number of Options
Granted	408,000		1,053,000
Additional Information
Service period	1 year		1 year
Unrecognized share-based compensation expense			$ 1,500
Employee Stock Option
Additional Information
Unrecognized share-based compensation expense		$ 13,700
Share-based compensation expense expected to be recognized over a weighted average period		2 years 9 months 18 days
Equity Incentive Plan 2023
Number of Options
Beginning balance		12,217,747
Granted		5,859,490
Exercised		(80,718)
Forfeited		(1,533,508)
Ending balance		16,463,011	12,217,747
Options vested and exercisable		7,703,134
Weighted Average Exercise Price (per share)
Beginning balance		$ 2.88
Granted		1.26
Exercised		1.35
Forfeited		1.98
Ending balance		2.4	$ 2.88
Options vested and exercisable		$ 2.34
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Options outstanding		8 years 2 months 12 days	8 years 10 months 24 days
Options vested and exercisable		7 years 7 months 6 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding		$ 48,866	$ 8,388
Options vested and exercisable		$ 23,098
Additional Information
Weighted average grant date fair value		$ 1.02	$ 2.71
Outside of equity plan \| Directors Executives And Employees
Number of Options
Granted		2,055,314	2,165,369

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Shareholders' Equity (Deficit) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Class A Ordinary Shares At The Market Offering	Class A Ordinary Shares April 2024 Private Placement	Class A Ordinary Shares Pre-Funded Warrants	Class A Ordinary Shares Private Placement Warrants	Class A Ordinary Shares Public warrants	Class A Ordinary Shares	Additional Paid-in Capital At The Market Offering	Additional Paid-in Capital April 2024 Private Placement	Additional Paid-in Capital Pre-Funded Warrants	Additional Paid-in Capital Private Placement Warrants	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Noncontrolling Interest	Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	At The Market Offering	April 2024 Private Placement	Pre-Funded Warrants	Private Placement Warrants	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2023														$ 18,680
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interest from redemption value to carrying value														(7,017)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2024														11,663
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2023						$ 4					$ 162,820	$ (103,494)	$ 1,541						$ 60,871
Beginning Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023						43,593,678
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Deficit
Issuance of Class A ordinary shares	$ 1	$ 2					$ 5,533	$ 55,221							$ 5,534	$ 55,223
Issuance of Class A ordinary shares (in shares)	1,500,000	20,090,128
Issuance of Pre-Funded Warrants								$ 50,030								$ 50,030
Issuance of Pre-Funded Warrants in exchange for Class A Ordinary Shares (in shares)			(4,000,000)
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares in exchange of Warrants										$ 6,230								$ 6,230
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares in exchange of Warrants (in shares)				1,718,108	2,064,082
ATM transaction costs											(626)								(626)
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares for restricted share units, net of shares withheld for taxes											(318)								(318)
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares for restricted share units, net of shares withheld for taxes (in shares)						331,534
Share-based compensation											16,798								16,798
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interest from redemption value to carrying value											7,017								7,017
Net loss												(52,403)							(52,403)
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2024						$ 7					302,705	(155,897)	1,541						$ 148,356
Ending Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2024						65,297,530													65,297,530
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Partial extinguishment of redeemable noncontrolling interest														(5,831)
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value														4,868					$ 4,868
Extinguishment of noncontrolling interest and redeemable noncontrolling interest														$ (10,700)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Deficit
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares upon exercise of Pre-Funded Warrants			$ 1						$ 2								$ 3
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares upon exercise of Pre-Funded Warrants (Shares)			2,888,952
Issuance of Class A ordinary shares							$ 5,093								$ 5,093
Issuance of Class A ordinary shares (in shares)	3,000,000
Issuance of Pre-Funded Warrants in exchange for Class A Ordinary Shares (in shares)			(6,500,000)
Issuance of Pre-Funded Warrants in exchange for Class A Ordinary Shares			$ (1)						$ 1
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares for share option exercises and restricted share units, net of shares withheld for taxes											66								66
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares for share option exercises and restricted share units, net of shares withheld for taxes (Shares)						336,826
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares in connection with the Athanor Agreement											46,318								46,318
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares in connection with the Athanor Agreement (in shares)						8,657,402
Partial extinguishment of redeemable noncontrolling interest											831								831
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value											(4,868)								(4,868)
Extinguishment of noncontrolling interest and redeemable noncontrolling interest											(36,402)		$ (1,541)						(37,943)
Share-based compensation											12,332								12,332
Net loss												(68,650)							(68,650)
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2025						$ 7					$ 326,078	$ (224,547)							$ 101,538
Ending Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2025						73,680,710													73,680,710

Share-Based Compensation - Share-Based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense	$ 12,332	$ 16,798
Employee Stock Option
Share-based Compensation
Unrecognized share-based compensation expense	$ 13,700
Share-based compensation expense expected to be recognized over a weighted average period	2 years 9 months 18 days
Shares issuable upon release of restricted share units
Share-based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense	$ 2,400	2,000
Share-based compensation expense expected to be recognized over a weighted average period	1 year 2 months 12 days
Restricted share awards
Share-based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense	$ 1,200	1,000
Share-based compensation expense expected to be recognized over a weighted average period	1 year 4 months 24 days
Research and development
Share-based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense	$ 2,014	2,223
General and administrative
Share-based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense	$ 10,318	$ 14,575

- Definition

Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.

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+ Details

Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

3.	Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company determines fair value based upon the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, as determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market. Inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values are classified based on a three-level hierarchy. These levels are:

Level 1: Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2: Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

Financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, prepaid and other current assets, and accounts payable and accrued expenses. The carrying values of the Company’s cash, prepaid and other current assets, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

The following table presents information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized:


		December 31, 2025
		Level 1			Level 2			Level 3			Total
Financial assets:
Cash equivalents		$	106,310		$	—		$	—		$	106,310


	December 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash equivalents	$	170,743	$	—	$	—	$	170,743

There were no transfers into or out of Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Private Placement Warrants

In August 2024, pursuant to the Warrant Exchange, the Company exchanged all of the outstanding private placement warrants to purchase 6,899,996 Class A Ordinary Shares (the “Private Placement Warrants”) for Class A Ordinary Shares. The Private Placement Warrants were originally assumed in connection with the Business Combination in 2023. See Note 6. The Private Placement Warrants were measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Because the transfer of Private Placement Warrants to non-permitted transferees would result in the Private Placement Warrants having substantially the same terms as the Public Warrants, the Company determined that the fair value of each Private Placement Warrant is consistent with that of a Public Warrant. Accordingly, the Private Placement Warrants are classified as Level 2 financial instruments. Upon completion of the Warrant Exchange, the Private Placement Warrants were remeasured to settlement value which was determined based on the fair value of the Class A Ordinary Shares issued in exchange for the Private Placement Warrants. The following table provides a summary of changes in the estimated fair value of the Private Placement Warrants:


		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2024
Balance, beginning of year		$	990
Assumption of private placement warrants			—
Change in fair value			5,240
Exchange of private placement warrants for Class A Ordinary Shares			(6,230)
Balance, end of year		$	—

There were no Private Placement Warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a loss of $5.2 million, from the change in fair value of the Private Placement Warrants in change in fair value of private placement warrants in the consolidated statements of operations.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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+ Details

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Line Items]

Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Threats [Text Block]

Risk management and strategy

Our information technology (IT) department with the help of third-party service providers helps identify, assess and manage our cybersecurity threats and risks by monitoring and evaluating our threat environment using various methods, including conducting scans of the threat environment, audits, and assessments. Our cybersecurity risk management processes have been designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate, and respond to cybersecurity threats. This program will be integrated within our enterprise risk management system.

Depending on the environment, systems, and data at issue, we implement and maintain various technical, physical, and organizational measures, processes, standards and policies designed to manage and mitigate material risks from cybersecurity threats to our information systems and data. For example, our cybersecurity risk management program is comprised of various components, such as:

●

Maintaining certain data backup, disaster recovery, and business continuity capabilities designed to support timely restoration of our IT systems and data, which may include automated and encrypted backups, segregation of backup environments, defined recovery time and recovery point objectives for key systems, periodic restoration testing, and integration of recovery procedures with our incident response and cross-functional crisis management processes.

●

Implementing certain security monitoring and access controls, which may include deployment of endpoint detection technologies, centralized security monitoring through a security operations function, and identity and access management processes designed to enforce least-privilege access, multi-factor authentication, privileged access management, and continuous monitoring of authentication activity.

●

Requiring periodic employee cybersecurity training to mitigate the risk of phishing and social engineering attacks.

●

Conducting periodic risk assessment of protections to mitigate cybersecurity threats.

We use third-party service providers to assist us from time to time to identify, assess, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats, including for example, managed cybersecurity service providers, cybersecurity software providers, and dark web monitoring services.

We use third-party service providers to perform a variety of functions throughout our business, such as CROs and CMOs. We have a vendor management process to manage cybersecurity risks associated with our use of these providers. Depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity of the information systems and data at issue, and the identity of the provider, our vendor management process may involve different levels of assessment designed to help identify cybersecurity risks associated with a provider. This process may include reviewing the vendor’s written security program and conducting security assessment calls with the vendor’s personnel.

For a description of the risks from cybersecurity threats that may materially affect our company and how they may do so, see our risk factors under Part 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Annual Report, including “Our internal computer systems, or those of any of the third parties with whom we work (including CROs, manufacturers, other contractors or consultants or potential future collaborators), may fail or suffer security or data privacy breaches or other unauthorized or improper access to, use of, or destruction of our proprietary or confidential data, employee data or personal data, which could result in additional costs, loss of revenue, significant liabilities, harm to our brand and material disruption of our operations.”

Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Flag]

true

Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Text Block]

Our cybersecurity risk management processes have been designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate, and respond to cybersecurity threats. This program will be integrated within our enterprise risk management system.

Cybersecurity Risk Management Third Party Engaged [Flag]

true

Cybersecurity Risk Third Party Oversight and Identification Processes [Flag]

true

Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Flag]

false

Cybersecurity Risk Board of Directors Oversight [Text Block]

Our Board of Directors addresses our cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management processes, including oversight and mitigation of risks from cybersecurity threats.

Our cybersecurity incident processes are designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents to members of management depending on the circumstances, including our Chief Legal Officer. Our Chief Legal Officer works with the Vice President of IT to help us mitigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents of which they are notified. In addition, our incident response processes include reporting to the Audit Committee for certain cybersecurity incidents. The Chief Legal Officer and Audit Committee oversee the IT department and receive periodic updates concerning our significant cybersecurity threats and risk and the processes we have implemented to address them.

Cybersecurity Risk Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]

The Audit Committee

Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]

The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management processes, including oversight and mitigation of risks from cybersecurity threats

Cybersecurity Risk Role of Management [Text Block]

Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by our management, including our Vice President of IT who stays informed about and oversees prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation efforts through regular communication and reporting channels within our organization. The Chief Legal Officer oversees the information security function and receives regular updates about information security.

Our Vice President of IT is responsible for hiring appropriate personnel, helping to integrate cybersecurity risk considerations into our overall risk management strategy, and communicating key priorities to relevant personnel. Our Vice President of IT is also responsible for approving budgets, helping prepare for cybersecurity incidents, approving cybersecurity processes, and reviewing security assessments and other security-related reports.

Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Flag]

true

Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Text Block]

Vice President of IT

Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Management or Committees Responsible [Text Block]

our Vice President of IT who stays informed about and oversees prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation efforts through regular communication and reporting channels within our organization. The Chief Legal Officer oversees the information security function and receives regular updates about information security.

Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible Report to Board [Flag]

true

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

8.Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method; under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax reporting bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, the timing and amount of which are uncertain.

The Company utilizes a two-step approach to recognize and measure uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon tax authority examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

For financial reporting purposes, Loss before income taxes, includes the following components:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024
U.S. operations	$	(69,615)	$	(41,837)
Non-U.S. operations		965		(10,566)
Loss before income taxes	$	(68,650)	$	(52,403)

Provision For Income Taxes

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company adopted ASU 2023-09 to enhance the income tax disclosures regarding income taxes paid and the rate reconciliation disclosure. The provision for income taxes reconciles to the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% to income (loss) before income taxes as follows (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2025			2024
Income tax at U.S. federal statutory rate	(14,416)	21.0	%	(11,005)	21.0	%
Change in valuation allowance	14,309	(20.8)	%	9,575	(18.3)	%
Nontaxable or nondeductible items	347	(0.5)	%	210	(0.4)	%
Other	(37)	0.1	%	(999)	1.9	%
Foreign Tax Effects:
United Kingdom
Change in valuation allowances	(1,474)	2.1	%	(1,503)	2.9	%
Other	181	(0.3)	%	251	(0.5)	%
Cayman Islands
Rate differential	1,090	(1.6)	%	3,471	(6.6)	%
Total	—	—	%	—	—	%

The Company has not recorded any state taxes in 2025 and 2024. However, the jurisdictions that comprise the majority (greater than 50%) of the composite state rate are Florida and Virginia.

Deferred Tax Assets and Valuation Allowance

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of loss and credit carryforwards and temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets for federal and state income taxes are as follows (in thousands):


	December 31,
	2025		2024
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	14,439	$	6,008
Intangible assets acquired		10,707		10,833
Capitalized research and development		10,621		5,838
Share-based compensation		2,472		1,985
Capitalized start-up costs		723		764
Accrued expenses and other		473		233
Total deferred income tax assets		39,435		25,661
Valuation allowance		(39,434)		(25,661)
Total deferred income tax assets, net	$	1	$	—

Deferred tax liabilities
Fixed assets		(1)		—
Total deferred income tax liabilities	$	(1)	$	—
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—	$	—

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is based on the assessment of available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit the utilization of existing deferred tax assets. The Company considered all positive and negative evidence when determining the amount of the net deferred tax assets that are more likely than not to be realized. This evidence includes, but is not limited to, historical earnings, scheduled reversal of taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred since the Company’s inception. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider subjective evidence such as the Company’s projections for future growth. Based on this assessment, the Company maintained a full valuation allowance against the Company’s net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2025, and 2024. If these estimates and assumptions change in the future, the Company may be required to reduce the Company’s existing valuation allowance resulting in less income tax expense. The Company’s overall valuation allowance increased by $13.8 million during 2025 resulting from current year losses for which no tax benefit was provided.

As required under ASU 2023-09, the Company has included only the portion of the valuation allowance related to federal deferred tax assets in the “change in valuation allowance” line of the rate reconciliation. The following table presents a reconciliation of the total change in the valuation allowance:


	December 31,
	2025		2024
Beginning Balance	$	(25,661)	$	(17,893)
Change charged to income tax expense		(12,835)		(7,508)
Change charged to current translation adjustment		(938)		(260)
Ending balance		(39,434)		(25,661)

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $59.4 million which may be carried forward indefinitely but are only available to offset 80% of future taxable income. In addition, the Company had $6.3 million of foreign net operating loss carryforwards generated in the United Kingdom which may be carried forward indefinitely. In addition, the Company also has approximately $0.4 million in state net operating loss carryforwards (tax-effected) of which the Florida NOL of $0.2 million can be carried forward 20 years, and the Virginia NOL of $0.1 million and the South Carolina NOL of $0.1 million may be carried forward indefinitely but is only available to offset 80% of future taxable income.

The net operating loss carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the U.S. and state tax authorities. Net operating loss carryforwards may become subject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest of significant shareholders, as defined under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. This could limit the amount of NOLs that the Company could use on an annual basis to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had not performed an analysis to determine whether any of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards are subject to limitation under Sections 382 of the Internal Revenue Code.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted into law. The OBBBA contains numerous business tax provisions, including business extenders made permanent such as restoration of 100% bonus depreciation, IRC Section 174 expensing for US-based research, and the EBITDA-based business interest expense limitation under Section 163(j). The enacted legislation did not have a material impact on the Company’s effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The Company applies the applicable authoritative guidance which prescribes a comprehensive model for the manner in which a company should recognize, measure, present and disclose in its consolidated financial statements all material uncertain tax positions that the Company has taken or expects to take on a tax return. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had no uncertain tax positions. There are no uncertain tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within twelve months of December 31, 2025.

The Company files income tax returns in the United States, the United Kingdom and certain state jurisdictions. The U.S federal tax years open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service are 2022 to 2025. The Company’s state and United Kingdom tax years that are open to tax examination are 2021 to 2025.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for income tax.

+ References

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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482663/740-10-55-231

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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+ Details

Share-Based Compensation - Restricted Share Awards (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Expense recognized	$ 12,332	$ 16,798
Restricted share awards
Number of RSUs
Beginning balance	374,995
Vested	(124,998)
Ending balance	249,997	374,995
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Beginning balance	$ 8.16
Vested	8.16
Ending balance	$ 8.16	$ 8.16
Expense recognized	$ 1,200	$ 1,000

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Fair Value Measurements

Schedule of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis


		December 31, 2025
		Level 1			Level 2			Level 3			Total
Financial assets:
Cash equivalents		$	106,310		$	—		$	—		$	106,310


	December 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash equivalents	$	170,743	$	—	$	—	$	170,743

Schedule of changes in estimated fair value of private placement warrants and notes payable and research development license


		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2024
Balance, beginning of year		$	990
Assumption of private placement warrants			—
Change in fair value			5,240
Exchange of private placement warrants for Class A Ordinary Shares			(6,230)
Balance, end of year		$	—

Share-Based Compensation - Restricted Share Units (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Expense recognized	$ 12,332	$ 16,798
Shares issuable upon release of restricted share units
Number of RSUs
Beginning balance	874,923
Vested	(291,641)
Ending balance	583,282	874,923
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Beginning balance	$ 5.99
Vested	5.99
Ending balance	$ 5.99	$ 5.99
Expense recognized	$ 2,400	$ 2,000

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Income Taxes

Schedule of components of loss before income taxes


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2025		2024
U.S. operations	$	(69,615)	$	(41,837)
Non-U.S. operations		965		(10,566)
Loss before income taxes	$	(68,650)	$	(52,403)

Schedule of income taxes paid and the rate reconciliation disclosure


	December 31,
	2025			2024
Income tax at U.S. federal statutory rate	(14,416)	21.0	%	(11,005)	21.0	%
Change in valuation allowance	14,309	(20.8)	%	9,575	(18.3)	%
Nontaxable or nondeductible items	347	(0.5)	%	210	(0.4)	%
Other	(37)	0.1	%	(999)	1.9	%
Foreign Tax Effects:
United Kingdom
Change in valuation allowances	(1,474)	2.1	%	(1,503)	2.9	%
Other	181	(0.3)	%	251	(0.5)	%
Cayman Islands
Rate differential	1,090	(1.6)	%	3,471	(6.6)	%
Total	—	—	%	—	—	%

Schedule of significant components of net deferred tax asset and valuation allowance


	December 31,
	2025		2024
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	14,439	$	6,008
Intangible assets acquired		10,707		10,833
Capitalized research and development		10,621		5,838
Share-based compensation		2,472		1,985
Capitalized start-up costs		723		764
Accrued expenses and other		473		233
Total deferred income tax assets		39,435		25,661
Valuation allowance		(39,434)		(25,661)
Total deferred income tax assets, net	$	1	$	—

Deferred tax liabilities
Fixed assets		(1)		—
Total deferred income tax liabilities	$	(1)	$	—
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—	$	—

Schedule of reconciliation of the total change in the valuation allowance:


	December 31,
	2025		2024
Beginning Balance	$	(25,661)	$	(17,893)
Change charged to income tax expense		(12,835)		(7,508)
Change charged to current translation adjustment		(938)		(260)
Ending balance		(39,434)		(25,661)

Shareholders' Equity - April Private Placement (Details) - USD ($)				12 Months Ended
	Apr. 22, 2024	Apr. 18, 2024	Apr. 26, 2023	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Apr. 30, 2025	Aug. 15, 2024	Jul. 12, 2024	Mar. 16, 2023
Shareholders' Equity
Class A ordinary shares, par value per share (in dollars per share)				$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001				$ 0.0001
ATM transaction costs					$ (626,000)
Warrants outstanding				0	0
Pre-Funded Warrants
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exchanged for shares							4,000,000
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per share)						$ 6,500,000	$ 0.001
Pre-Funded warrants 2024
Shareholders' Equity
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per share)		$ 0.001
Number of Class A ordinary shares upon exercise of each warrant		1
Warrants outstanding				14,895,396
Pre-Funded warrants 2023
Shareholders' Equity
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per share)			$ 0.001
Number of Class A ordinary shares upon exercise of each warrant			1
Pre-Funded warrants, exercised			1,682,000
Warrants outstanding			2,100,000
Class A Ordinary shares
Shareholders' Equity
Number of Class A ordinary shares upon exercise of each warrant								0.27
Class A Ordinary shares \| Pre-Funded warrants 2024
Shareholders' Equity
Pre-Funded warrants, exercised				1,206,952
"April 2023 Private Placement" \| Pre-Funded warrants 2023
Shareholders' Equity
Aggregate purchase price			$ 80,000,000
"April 2023 Private Placement" \| Class A Ordinary shares
Shareholders' Equity
Class A ordinary shares, par value per share (in dollars per share)			$ 0.0001
Sale price per share			$ 4.25
"April 2023 Private Placement" \| Class A Ordinary shares \| Pre-Funded warrants 2023
Shareholders' Equity
Number of Class A shares issued			15,041,530
Sale price per warrant			$ 4.249
"April 2023 Private Placement" \| Class A Ordinary shares \| Pre-Funded warrants 2023 \| Maximum
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exchanged for shares			3,782,000
April 2024 Private Placement
Shareholders' Equity
Aggregate purchase price					$ 55,223,000
April 2024 Private Placement \| Officers, Director And Affiliates
Shareholders' Equity
Aggregate purchase price	$ 112,500,000
ATM transaction costs	$ (7,200,000)
April 2024 Private Placement \| Pre-Funded warrants 2024
Shareholders' Equity
Sale price per warrant		$ 3.107
Proceeds from sale of shares and warrants		$ 108,300,000
April 2024 Private Placement \| Class A Ordinary shares \| Officers, Director And Affiliates
Shareholders' Equity
Number of Class A shares issued		1,357,827
Sale price per share		$ 3.13
Aggregate purchase price		$ 4,200,000
April 2024 Private Placement \| Class A Ordinary shares \| Pre-Funded Warrants
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exchanged for shares		16,102,348
April 2024 Private Placement \| Class A Ordinary shares \| Pre-Funded warrants 2024
Shareholders' Equity
Number of Class A shares issued		18,732,301
Class A ordinary shares, par value per share (in dollars per share)		$ 3.108

Defined Contribution Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Defined Contribution Plans
Employers matching contribution, annual vesting percentage	100.00%
Defined contribution plan expenses	$ 0.5	$ 0.3
Maximum \| US
Defined Contribution Plans
Matching contribution percent	6.00%
Maximum \| UK
Defined Contribution Plans
Matching contribution percent	6.00%

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss before redeemable noncontrolling interest	$ (68,650)	$ (52,403)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss before redeemable noncontrolling interest to net cash used in operating activities
Share-based compensation expense	12,332	16,798
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		5,240
Depreciation and amortization	49	9
Foreign exchange transaction gain	84	(27)
Gain on extinguishment of BAFFX17 liability	(5,000)
Other non-cash items, net	4
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(657)	(1,209)
Other assets	(814)	(698)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(2,163)	4,214
Net cash used in operating activities	(64,815)	(28,076)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of fixed assets	(113)	(75)
Purchase of research and development license		(5,000)
Net cash used in investing activities	(113)	(5,075)
Cash flows from financing activities
ATM transaction costs		(626)
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares upon exercise of Pre-Funded Warrants	3
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	107
Restricted stock units withheld to pay employee withholding taxes	(41)	(318)
Consideration paid for Athanor Agreement	(7,325)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(2,163)	109,843
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	(67,091)	76,692
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	176,498	99,806
Cash and cash equivalents, ending of period	109,407	176,498
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares in exchange for private placement warrants		6,230
Issuance of shares in conjunction with Athanor agreement	46,318
Adjustments to redeemable noncontrolling interest		7,017
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value	4,868
Purchase of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses		25
Extinguishment of noncontrolling interest and redeemable noncontrolling interest	18,072
April 2024 Private Placement
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of Ordinary Shares in connection with April 2024 Private Placement, net of $7.2 million of transaction costs		55,223
Proceeds from issuance of Pre-Funded Warrants in connection with April 2024 Private Placement		50,030
At The Market Offering
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares in connection with a sale under the ATM, net of $0.2 million of commissions	$ 5,093	5,534
ATM transaction costs		$ (600)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Segments (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025 segment
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of operating segments	1
Number of Reportable Segments	1

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Schedule of accounts payable and accrued expenses


		December 31,
		2025		2024
Accrued research and development costs		$	6,575	$	7,100
Accrued 2023 Lilly License costs			—		9,500
Accrued bonus			3,319		1,713
Accounts payable			1,279		733
Accrued professional fees			559		318
Other accrued expenses			678		150
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses		$	12,410	$	19,514

Shareholders' Equity- Number of warrants outstanding, exercise price, and expiration dates (Details) - Pre-Funded Warrants - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2025	Apr. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Aug. 15, 2024
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)				4,000,000
Exercise Price		$ 6,500,000		$ 0.001
Warrants Issued 27,495,396 Exercise Price 0.001
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	27,495,396
Exercise Price	$ 0.001
Warrant issued 23,884,348 exercise price 0.001
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)			23,884,348
Exercise Price			$ 0.001

Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets and Valuation Allowance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$ 14,439	$ 6,008
Intangible assets acquired	10,707	10,833
Capitalized research and development	10,621	5,838
Share-based compensation	2,472	1,985
Capitalized start-up costs	723	764
Accrued expenses and other	473	233
Total deferred income tax assets	39,435	25,661
Valuation allowance	(39,434)	(25,661)	$ (17,893)
Total deferred income tax assets, net	1
Deferred tax liabilities
Fixed assets	(1)
Total deferred income tax liabilities	(1)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$ 0	$ 0

Organization and Description of Business

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Organization and Description of Business

Organization and Description of Business

1.	Organization and Description of Business

Zura Bio Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company, formerly known as JATT Acquisition Corp (“JATT”), together with its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”, “Zura” or “Zura Bio”), is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel and differentiated medicines for patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including serious and debilitating conditions with significant unmet medical need. These diseases are often chronic, biologically complex and difficult to treat, and many patients do not achieve durable disease control with currently available therapies. The Company’s strategic focus is to identify immune-mediated diseases in which translational and clinical evidence supports the role of specific biological pathways in disease pathogenesis. The Company is currently developing one clinical-stage product candidate in ongoing Phase 2 trials while evaluating development opportunities for its pipeline of clinical-stage assets, focusing on indications with unmet needs and commercial potential.

Business Combination

On March 20, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), the Company consummated a series of transactions (the “Business Combination”), pursuant to the terms of a business combination agreement (the “Business Combination Agreement”), dated as of June 16, 2022 (as amended on September 20, 2022, November 14, 2022, and January 13, 2023), by and among JATT, JATT Merger Sub, JATT Merger Sub 2, Zura Bio Holdings Ltd., and Legacy Zura, pursuant to which JATT changed its name to “Zura Bio Limited”.

On March 20, 2023, the Company’s Class A ordinary shares (“Class A Ordinary Shares”) began trading on the Nasdaq under the symbol “ZURA”.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, and as a result of this election, the consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) standards’ effective dates. The Company may take advantage of these exemptions up until the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of an offering or such earlier time that it is no longer an emerging growth company. The Company expects to no longer be an emerging growth company effective December 31, 2026.

Liquidity

The Company has incurred operating losses since inception and expects to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. The Company has an accumulated deficit of $224.5 million and $155.9 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and a net loss of $68.7 million and $52.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company’s existing sources of liquidity as of December 31, 2025 include $109.4 million in cash and cash equivalents.

Prior to the Business Combination, the Company historically funded operations primarily with issuances of convertible preferred shares and a promissory note. Upon the closing of the Business Combination, the Company received $56.7 million in net cash proceeds. Additionally, the Company has received $10.0 million, $105.3 million and $75.8 million, respectively, in net cash proceeds in connection with the ATM (as defined herein), April 2024 Private Placement (as defined herein) and April 2023 Private Placement (as defined herein). The Company’s cash requirements include, but are not limited to, clinical development, product manufacturing costs and working capital requirements. The Company expects such operating losses and negative cash flows from operations will continue but has sufficient liquidity to fund its operations over the next twelve months.

Organization and Description of Business (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 16, 2023	Apr. 30, 2024	Apr. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Accumulated deficit				$ 224,547	$ 155,897
Net loss				68,650	52,403
Cash and cash equivalents				109,407	176,498
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares upon closing of business combination	$ 56,700
At The Market Offering
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares upon closing of business combination				$ 5,093	$ 5,534
Aggregate sales price		$ 10,000
April 2024 Private Placement
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate sales price		$ 105,300
April 2023 Private Placement
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate sales price			$ 75,800

- Definition

The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 830
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 10
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479168/946-830-55-10

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
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Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 220
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Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
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Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480738/235-10-S50-1

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 235
-SubTopic 10
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-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(i))
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Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(k)(2))
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Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-SubTopic 10
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-Section 50
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-4

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 480
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S45
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479887/480-10-S45-3

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 3A
-Subparagraph (24)(d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480244/480-10-S99-3A

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 105
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 65
-Paragraph 9
-Subparagraph (e)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479343/105-10-65-9

Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 718
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 65
-Paragraph 17
-Subparagraph (d)(1)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480336/718-10-65-17

Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Section 65
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Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Paragraph 2
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Reference 19: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2

Reference 20: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))
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Reference 21: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 22: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 23: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 24: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-1

Reference 25: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Subparagraph (f)
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480175/815-40-65-1

Reference 26: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Subparagraph (a)
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Reference 28: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-SubTopic 10
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-Subparagraph (b)
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-11

Reference 29: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479105/946-220-45-7

Reference 30: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 944
-SubTopic 220
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477250/944-220-S99-1

Reference 31: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Publisher FASB
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Reference 32: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 33: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 34: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
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Reference 35: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 36: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 37: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 38: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 39: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 40: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 42: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 43: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 44: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 46: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 47: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 48: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478524/942-220-S99-1

+ Details

- Definition

Amount of accumulated undistributed earnings (deficit).

+ References + Details

Shareholders' Equity - Warrant Exchange (Details) - USD ($)					1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 27, 2024	Aug. 15, 2024	Aug. 12, 2024	Jul. 12, 2024	Apr. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2025	Aug. 31, 2024
Shareholders' Equity
Warrants outstanding						0	0
Cost directly related to the warrant exchange						$ 1,600,000
Public warrants
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exchanged for shares				5,910,000
Warrants outstanding	196,568
Private placement warrants
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exchanged for shares			4,080,580					6,899,996
Warrants outstanding	1,829,420
IPO Warrants
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exchanged for shares			6,703,428
Warrants outstanding						0	0
Pre-Funded Warrants
Shareholders' Equity
Number of warrants exchanged for shares		4,000,000
Exercise Price		$ 0.001			$ 6,500,000
Fair value per share					$ 0.001
Percentage of shares outstanding immediately prior to or after giving effect to exercise of share exchange		9.99%
Notice period ( in days)		61 days
Class A Ordinary shares
Shareholders' Equity
Number of Class A ordinary shares upon exercise of each warrant				0.27
Decrease in share exchange ratio (in percentage)				10.00%
Shares issued in exchange of warrants	547,006
Number of shares surrendered		4,000,000			6,500,000
Consideration for shares surrendered		$ 0			$ 0
Class A Ordinary shares \| Public warrants
Shareholders' Equity
Shares issued in exchange of warrants			2,011,017
Class A Ordinary shares \| Private placement warrants
Shareholders' Equity
Shares issued in exchange of warrants			1,224,167
Class A Ordinary shares \| IPO Warrants
Shareholders' Equity
Number of Class A ordinary shares upon exercise of each warrant			0.27	0.3

Share-Based Compensation - Market-Based Performance Share Options (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 20, 2023	Mar. 16, 2023	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-based Compensation
Expected life		10 years
Expense recognized			$ 12,332	$ 16,798
Market-Based Share Options
Share-based Compensation
Period of volume weighted average trading price ("VWAP")	20 days
Minimum price per share for vesting awards	$ 30
Threshold period from grant date for vesting awards	5 years
Exercise price of shares granted	$ 8.16
Expected life	10 years
Number of options granted	306,373		0	0
Expense recognized			$ 300	$ 700

- Definition

Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.

+ References

+ Details

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

10.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

As a finder’s fee for the 2022 Lilly License, Z33 issued the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares to Stone Peach pursuant to the Z33 Letter Agreement. Zura had the right, but not the obligation, to purchase up to 50% of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares issued to Stone Peach at a price per share of $2.448869 for a period of two years from the date of the agreement (the “Call Option”). Stone Peach had the right, but not the obligation to sell up to 50% of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares issued to Stone Peach to Zura for a price per share of $2.040724 (the “Put Option”). As it was not possible to specifically identify the shares that may be redeemed by exercising the Put Option, and the applicable unit of account is each share, the Company assessed that each share must be considered redeemable until the exercise or the expiration of the Put Option. Accordingly, the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares issued to Stone Peach represented redeemable noncontrolling interest.

In April 2023, the Company agreed to, within six months of April 24, 2023, exercise its Call Option on 50% of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares previously issued to Stone Peach. The Company agreed to settle its Call Option by issuing 2,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares. The amended settlement terms represented an extinguishment and reissuance of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares. The $10.9 million difference between the estimated fair value of the new instrument issued and the carrying value of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares was recorded as a deemed dividend to the redeemable noncontrolling interest and as an adjustment to net loss to arrive at net loss attributable to Class A ordinary shareholders in the consolidated statement of operations.

In November 2023, the Company and Stone Peach amended the terms of the agreement, voiding the Company’s obligation to exercise its Call Option, and instead reverting the Company’s rights and obligations under the Call Option back to that of the original agreement. Stone Peach, in addition to the existing Put Option, was granted the right, but not the obligation to sell up to 50% of the Series Seed Preferred Shares issued to Stone Peach to Zura in exchange for 2,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (the “Put Right”). Stone Peach was able to exercise its Put Option and Put Right at any time between April 24, 2024 and April 24, 2028 under the new agreement. The amended settlement terms represented an extinguishment and reissuance of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares. The $9.2 million difference between the estimated fair value of the new instrument issued and the carrying value of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares was recorded as a deemed contribution from the redeemable noncontrolling interest and as an adjustment to net loss to arrive at net loss attributable to Class A ordinary shareholders, in the consolidated statement of operations. On December 31, 2024, the redeemable

noncontrolling interest was remeasured from its redemption price to its initial carry amount, decreased for the noncontrolling interest’s share of Z33’s net loss, and the difference was recorded as an adjustment to net loss to arrive at net loss attributable to Class A ordinary shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2024 in the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2024, the redeemable noncontrolling interest balance was $11.7 million.

In July 2025, Stone Peach exercised its Put Option and Put Right. Upon exercise, the obligation to settle the Put Option in cash was recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses extinguishing 50% of the redeemable noncontrolling interest. As it was not possible to specifically identify the shares that may be redeemed upon exercising the Put Option, and the applicable unit of account is each share, the Company assessed that the remaining 50% of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares must be considered redeemable until the settlement of the Put Option or Put Right. Accordingly, the 50% of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares issued to Stone Peach represented redeemable noncontrolling interest and were remeasured as of September 30, 2025.

On December 29, 2025, we terminated the Z33 Letter Agreement, and the respective call and put rights relating to Z33’s Series Seed Preferred Shares recorded as redeemable noncontrolling interest and the obligation to settle the Put Option were extinguished. See Note 5.

Share-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

7.	Share-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plan

In March 2023, JATT’s board of directors approved the Zura Bio Limited 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “EIP”) which allows for the grant of share options, both incentive and nonqualified share options; stock appreciation rights (“SARS”), alone or in conjunction with other awards; restricted share awards (“RSAs”) and restricted share units (“RSUs”); incentive bonuses, which may be paid in cash, shares, or a combination thereof; and other share-based awards to employees, officers, non-employee directors and other service providers. The Company has granted share options, RSUs and RSAs that generally vest over four years and expire after 10 years.

On June 1, 2023, the Board of Directors approved an increase to the number of Class A Ordinary Shares that may be issued under the EIP by an additional 5,564,315 Class A Ordinary Shares. The Class A Ordinary Shares issuable under the EIP are subject to an annual increase on January 1st of each calendar year beginning on January 1, 2024 and ending on and including January 1, 2029, equal to the

lesser of (i) 5.0% of the aggregate number of Class A Ordinary Shares outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year, (ii) 8,059,796 Class A Ordinary Shares or (iii) such smaller number of shares as is determined by the Board of Directors. As of January 1, 2024, the Board of Directors decided not to apply an increase to the Class A Ordinary Shares issuable under the EIP for the 2024 calendar year. The annual increase was applied for the 2025 calendar year.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In March 2023, JATT’s board of directors approved adopted the Zura Bio Limited 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). The maximum number of Class A Ordinary Shares that may be issued under the ESPP is 4,029,898, plus an aggregate number of Class A Ordinary Shares that are automatically added under the EIP on January 1st of each calendar year, beginning on January 1, 2024 and ending on and including January 1, 2029, as discussed above. The ESPP enables eligible employees of the Company and designated affiliates to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares at a discount of 15%. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has not activated the ESPP.

As of December 31, 2025, a maximum of 16,888,988 Class A Ordinary Shares were authorized for issuance under the EIP and ESPP, collectively.

Share Options

The fair value of EIP share options is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company lacks significant company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimates its expected share volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies. Due to the lack of historical exercise history, the expected term of the Company’s share options has been determined using the “simplified” method for awards. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the EIP share options issued during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:


		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2025			2024
Share price		$	1.26		$	3.35
Expected volatility			102.2	%		101.1	%
Risk-free rate			4.1	%		4.2	%
Expected life			6.1 years			6.0 years
Expected dividend yield			—	%		—	%

The following table summarizes the Company’s share option activity for the year ended December 31, 2025:


								Weighted
					Weighted			Average		Aggregate
					Average			Remaining		Intrinsic
		Number of			Exercise Price			Contractual		Value
		Options			(per share)			Life (Years)		(in thousands)
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2024			12,217,747		$	2.88		8.9		$	8,388
Granted			5,859,490		$	1.26
Exercised			(80,718)		$	1.35
Forfeited			(1,533,508)		$	1.98
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2025			16,463,011		$	2.40		8.2		$	48,866
Options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2025			7,703,134		$	2.34		7.6		$	23,098

As of December 31, 2025, unrecognized compensation costs related to the unvested share options were $13.7 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years.

Included in options outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 in the table above are 2,055,314 and 2,165,369, respectively, options to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares issued to certain directors, executives, and employees outside of the EIP.

In May 2025, the Company granted 408,000 share options to purchase Class A Ordinary shares with non-market performance conditions (“PSOs”), included in the table above, that will vest upon the earlier of achieving a one-year service condition or upon the Company’s next Annual General Meeting (“AGM”).

In December 2024, the Company granted 1,053,000 PSOs, included in the table above, that will vest upon the earlier of achieving a one year service condition or upon the Company’s AGM. In February 2025, the date of the AGM was set to May 21, 2025 (the “AGM Date”). Accordingly, management determined that the performance condition was met and recorded the remaining unrecognized compensation expense of $1.5 million ratably through the AGM Date. The 2024 PSOs vested on the AGM Date.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $1.02 and $2.71, respectively.

Market-Based Share Options

On March 20, 2023, the Company granted 306,373 options to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares (“Market-Based Share Options”) to a member of the Board of Directors. These awards will vest only to the extent that the 20-day volume weighted average trading price (“VWAP”) of the Class A Ordinary Shares is over $30 per Class A Ordinary Share at any time prior to the fifth anniversary of the grant date. These awards have an exercise price of $8.16 and become exercisable when vested and the market condition is satisfied. These awards expire 10 years from the date of grant. The fair value of these Market-Based Share Options were estimated using a Monte Carlo valuation method for the year ended December 31, 2023. No Market-Based Share Options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded expense related to Market-Based Share Options of $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively. There is no unrecognized compensation costs related to the Market-Based Share Options as of December 31, 2025.

Restricted Share Units

The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2025:


				Weighted
		Number of		Average
		Options		Grant Date FV
Unvested RSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2024		874,923		$	5.99
Vested		(291,641)		$	5.99
Unvested RSUs as of December 31, 2025		583,282		$	5.99

As of December 31, 2025, unrecognized compensation costs related to the unvested RSUs were $2.4 million which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years. For each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded expense related to RSUs of $2.0 million, respectively.

Restricted Share Awards

The following table summarizes the Company’s RSA activity for the year ended December 31, 2025:


				Weighted
				Average
		Number of		Grant Date
		Options		Fair Value
Unvested RSAs outstanding as of December 31, 2024		374,995		$	8.16
Vested		(124,998)		$	8.16
Unvested RSAs outstanding as of December 31, 2025		249,997		$	8.16

As of December 31, 2025, unrecognized compensation costs related to the unvested RSAs were $1.2 million which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years. For each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded expense related to RSAs of $1.0 million, respectively.

Equity Award Modification

On December 11, 2025, Arnout Ploos van Amstel notified the Company of his decision to resign from the Board of Directors and as a member of the Nominating and Governance Committee of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors approved accelerated vesting of the unvested portion of two outstanding options, previously granted to Mr. Ploos van Amstel, relating to an aggregate of 41,549 Class A Ordinary Shares, which became fully vested and exercisable on December 11, 2025. The Board of Directors also approved an extension of the post-termination exercise period of all of Mr. Ploos van Amstel’s vested share options to be eighteen months from the resignation date. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recognized $0.1 million of share-based compensation expense related to this modification within general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

On June 27, 2025, the Company and Verender Badial, the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer, entered into an agreement in connection with Mr. Badial’s resignation from the Company (the “Badial Settlement Agreement”). The Badial Settlement Agreement provides for accelerated vesting of the unvested portion of two outstanding options, previously granted to Mr. Badial, relating to an aggregate of 198,540 Class A Ordinary Shares, which became fully vested and exercisable on July 31, 2025. The Badial Settlement Agreement also provides for an extension of the post-termination exercise period of all of Mr. Badial’s vested share options to the applicable expiration date of the applicable share option, as of July 31, 2025, subject to certain conditions therein. All other remaining unvested options to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares were forfeited and cancelled on July 31, 2025. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recognized $0.2 million of share-based compensation expense related to this modification within general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

On April 24, 2025, the Company amended a member of the Board of Director’s option agreements, causing his unvested options to purchase 32,099 Class A Ordinary Shares to become fully vested and exercisable as of the AGM Date. Additionally, the Board of Directors extended the post-termination exercise period of his vested options to purchase an aggregate of 165,149 Class A Ordinary Shares to the applicable expiration date of each of the respective option awards, upon completion of his service as a member of the Board of Directors. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recognized $0.1 million of share-based compensation expense related to this modification within general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

On July 24, 2024, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Someit Sidhu (“Sidhu Settlement Agreement”) in connection with the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) transition. Pursuant to the Sidhu Settlement Agreement, 1,700,000 share options became fully vested and immediately exercisable and the remaining 250,000 share options will vest annually over three years on the anniversary of the Sidhu Settlement Agreement. Accordingly, for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded $5.9 million of share-based compensation expense, in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations, for the remaining grant date fair value of the 1,700,000 share options and the grant date fair value of the 250,000 share options is being recorded to compensation expense over the revised vesting period. The Company determined that the Sidhu Settlement Agreement did not result in any incremental expense.

On January 10, 2024, the Company and its Chief Medical Officer (the “CMO”) entered into an agreement regarding the CMO’s departure from the Company (the “Severance Agreement”). In connection with the Severance Agreement, 67,525 of the share options previously granted to the CMO became fully vested and exercisable and 40,515 of the RSUs previously granted to the CMO became fully vested. All remaining share options and RSUs not vested were forfeited and cancelled. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a reversal of approximately $0.1 million of share-based compensation expense related to this modification in research and development expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

Share-based Compensation Expense

Share-based compensation expense for all equity arrangements for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:


		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2025			2024
Research and development		$	2,014		$	2,223
General and administrative			10,318			14,575
Total share-based compensation expense		$	12,332		$	16,798

License Agreements - Athanor Letter Agreement and BAFFX17 Settlement and Release Agreement (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 29, 2025	Dec. 31, 2025
Athanor Letter Agreement
License
Athanor agreement, upfront fee	$ 7.3
Upfront fee payment period	30 days
One-time milestone payment on achievement of conditions	$ 25.0
Minimum net proceeds from sale of assets for one-time milestone payment	$ 500.0
Percentage of net sales	2.00%
Athanor Letter Agreement \| Class A Ordinary shares
License
Issuance of Class A Ordinary Shares in connection with the Athanor Agreement (in shares)	8,657,402
License agreement with Lilly \| BAFFX17, Ltd
License
Reversal of one-time milestone payment.		$ 5.0

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Share-Based Compensation (Details) - Employee Stock Option	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025
Share-based Compensation
Expected dividend yield	0.00%
Maximum
Share-based Compensation
Expected term (in years)	10 years
Minimum
Share-based Compensation
Expected term (in years)	5 years

- Definition

Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.

+ References

+ Details

Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Fair Value Measurements
Transfers between level 1 and level 2	$ 0	$ 0
Transfers level 2 and level 3	0	0
Transfers into or out of level 3	0	0
Cash equivalents \| Fair value recurring
Fair Value Measurements
Financial assets	106,310	170,743
Level 1 \| Cash equivalents \| Fair value recurring
Fair Value Measurements
Financial assets	$ 106,310	$ 170,743

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Accrued research and development costs	$ 6,575	$ 7,100
Accrued 2023 Lilly License costs		9,500
Accrued bonus	3,319	1,713
Accounts payable	1,279	733
Accrued professional fees	559	318
Other accrued expenses	678	150
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses	$ 12,410	$ 19,514

Shareholders' Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Shareholders' Equity

Schedule of number of warrants outstanding and exercise price


As of December 31, 2025
Warrants Issued	Exercise Price		Expiration Date
27,495,396	$	0.001	N/A


As of December 31, 2024
Warrants Issued		Exercise Price			Expiration Date
23,884,348		$	0.001		N/A

Schedule of shares reserved for issuance


		December 31, 2025
Shares issuable upon exercise of warrants to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares		27,495,396
Shares issuable upon exercise of options to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares		16,463,011
Shares available for grant under 2023 Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP		801,577
Shares issuable upon release of restricted share units		583,282
Total shares reserved for issuance		45,343,266

Insider Trading Policies and Procedures	12 Months Ended
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures	Dec. 31, 2025
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures [Line Items]
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures Adopted	true

License Agreements - 2023 Lilly License (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			12 Months Ended
	Apr. 26, 2023 USD ($) payment shares	Dec. 08, 2022 USD ($) payment	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2025 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2025 USD ($)	Dec. 30, 2023 shares
License
Noncontrolling interest balance			$ 1,541
ZB17 LLC
License
Upfront cash payment				$ 5,800
Share Price \| $ / shares				$ 7.8
Amount payable upon receipt of certain know-how, data, information and materials			5,000
License agreement with Lilly
License
Upfront cash payment		$ 7,000
Number of development and regulatory milestone payments \| payment		10
Maximum amount of development and regulatory milestone payments		$ 155,000
Maximum amount of sales milestone payments		$ 440,000
Contingent payments due					$ 0
License agreement with Lilly \| BAFFX17, Ltd
License
Number of development and regulatory milestone payments \| payment	4
Maximum amount of development and regulatory milestone payments	$ 155,000
Maximum amount of sales milestone payments	$ 440,000
Period for payment of milestone payment	12 years
Percentage of royalty fee	3.00%
License agreement with Lilly \| Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities \| BAFFX17, Ltd
License
Minimum net proceeds from sale of assets for one-time milestone payment	$ 100,000
License agreement with Lilly \| Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities \| BAFFX17, Ltd
License
One-time milestone payment on achievement of conditions	5,000			$ 5,000		$ 5,000
Minimum value of closing of an issuance of equity for milestone payment	$ 100,000
Minimum fully diluted shares outstanding for milestone payment \| shares	52,500,000
Fully diluted shares exceeded the minimum limit for milestone payment \| shares							52,500,000
License agreement with Lilly \| Stone Peach Properties, LLC
License
One-time milestone payment			4,500
One-time milestone payment on achievement of conditions	$ 25,000
Percentage of royalty fee	2.00%
Contingent payments due					$ 0
License agreement with Lilly \| Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| ZB17 LLC
License
Issued call right to purchase, percentage of fully-diluted equity	4.99%
Value of issued call right	$ 1,000
Expiry term from the date of regulatory approval milestone	1 year
Fair value of call right at grant date				$ 1,500
Noncontrolling interest balance			1,500
Annual amount of payment	$ 600
Percentage of annual increase in payment	10.00%
License agreement with Lilly \| Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Research and development \| ZB17 LLC
License
Annual amount of payment			$ 700

Share-Based Compensation - Equity Award Modification (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands							12 Months Ended
	Dec. 11, 2025	Jun. 27, 2025	Apr. 24, 2025	Jul. 24, 2024	Jan. 10, 2024	Mar. 16, 2023	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-based Compensation
Share based payment award, option to vest (in years)						4 years
Share-based compensation expense							$ 12,332	$ 16,798
Director
Share-based Compensation
Share based payment award, options, vested, number of shares	41,549
Period over which grantee can exercise the options vested on post termination	18 months
Share-based compensation expense							100
Director \| Post-termination exercise period
Share-based Compensation
Share based payment award, options, vested, number of shares			165,149
Director \| Employee Stock Option \| Amendment of option agreements
Share-based Compensation
Share based payment award, options, vested, number of shares			32,099
Chief Financial Officer
Share-based Compensation
Share based payment award, options, vested, number of shares		198,540
Share-based compensation expense							$ 200
Chief Executive Officer
Share-based Compensation
Share based payment award, options, vested, number of shares				1,700,000				1,700,000
Options expected to vest				250,000				250,000
Share based payment award, option to vest (in years)				3 years
Share-based compensation expense								$ 5,900
Chief Medical Officer (the "CMO")
Share-based Compensation
Share based payment award, options, vested, number of shares					67,525
Vested					40,515
Share based payment arrangement, expense reversal								$ 100

Shareholders' Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Shareholders' Equity

Shareholders' Equity

6.	Shareholders’ Equity

On March 16, 2023, in connection with the closing of the Business Combination and effective upon the Closing Date, the Company authorized 300,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, par value of $0.0001 and 1,000,000 preferred shares, par value of $0.0001.

Shelf Registration and ATM Program

The Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “Shelf Registration Statement”), which was declared effective on September 17, 2024. Pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement, the Company may offer and sell ordinary shares, preference shares, debt securities, warrants and or units having an aggregate public offering price of up to $300.0 million. In connection with the filing of the Shelf Registration Statement, the Company also entered into a sales agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Leerink Partners LLC (“Leerink Partners”), relating to the sale of the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $125.0 million, from time to time through Leerink Partners, acting as sales agent (the “ATM”). The Company incurred $0.6 million of offering expenses in connection with establishing the ATM that reduced additional paid-in capital as of December 31, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold 1,500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at a price of $3.80 per share under the ATM, for net proceeds of $5.5 million, after placement agent commissions.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company sold 3,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at a price of $1.75 per share under the ATM, for net proceeds of $5.1 million, after sales agent commissions.

As of December 31, 2025, $114.0 million of Class A Ordinary Shares remained available for sale under the Sales Agreement.

April 2024 Private Placement

On April 18, 2024, the Company entered into subscription agreements (the “Investor Agreements”) with certain institutional and other accredited investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue 18,732,301 Class A Ordinary Shares at a price of $3.108 per share and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 16,102,348 Class A Ordinary Shares (the “2024 Pre-Funded Warrants”) at a price of $3.107 per 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant for an aggregate purchase price of $108.3 million. Each 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant has an exercise price of $0.001 per Class A Ordinary Share and is exercisable for one Class A Ordinary Share at any time or times on or after April 22, 2024, until exercised in full.

On April 18, 2024, the Company also entered into subscription agreements (the “Insider Agreements” and together with the Investor Agreements, the “April 2024 Private Placement”) with certain officers, directors and affiliates of the Company pursuant to which the Company issued 1,357,827 Class A Ordinary Shares at a price of $3.13 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $4.2 million.

The April 2024 Private Placement closed on April 22, 2024, from which the Company received total gross proceeds of approximately $112.5 million, before deducting transaction costs of $7.2 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, 1,206,952 Class A Ordinary Shares were issued in connection with the exercise of 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants. As of December 31, 2025, 14,895,396 of the 2024 Pre-Funded Warrants remained outstanding.

April 2023 Private Placement

On April 26, 2023, the Company entered into its second PIPE subscription agreement (the “April 2023 Private Placement”) with certain accredited investors pursuant to which the Company issued 15,041,530 Class A Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0001 per share and pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 3,782,000 Class A Ordinary Shares. Each Class A Ordinary Share was sold at a price of $4.25 per Class A Ordinary Share and each Pre-Funded Warrant was sold at a price of $4.249 per Pre-Funded Warrant for an aggregate purchase price of $80.0 million. Each 2023 Pre-Funded Warrant has an exercise price of $0.001 per Class A Ordinary Share and is exercisable for one Class A Ordinary Share at any time or times on or after April 26, 2023 until exercised in full.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, 1,682,000 Class A Ordinary Shares were issued in connection with the exercise of 2023 Pre-Funded Warrants. As of December 31, 2025, 2,100,000 of the 2023 Pre-Funded Warrants remained outstanding.

Warrant Exchange

On July 12, 2024, the Company commenced an exchange offer (the “Exchange Offer”) and consent solicitation (the “Consent Solicitation”) relating to its outstanding warrants that it assumed in connection with the business combination, including (i) public warrants to purchase 5,910,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (the “Public Warrants”) that were held by JATT, and (ii) Private Placement Warrants that were held by JATT shareholders (together with the Public Warrants, the “IPO warrants”). The Company offered to all holders of the IPO warrants the opportunity to receive 0.30 Class A ordinary shares in exchange for each outstanding IPO warrant tendered by the holder and exchanged pursuant to the Exchange Offer. Concurrently with the Exchange Offer, the Company also solicited consents from holders of the IPO warrants to amend that certain warrant agreement, dated as of July 16, 2021, by and between the Company and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent (the “Warrant Agreement”) to permit the Company to require that each IPO warrant outstanding upon the closing of the Exchange Offer be exchanged for 0.27 Class A ordinary shares, which is a ratio 10% less than the exchange ratio applicable to the Exchange Offer. Pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Agreement, all except certain specified modifications or amendments required the vote or written consent of holders of at least a majority of the outstanding public warrants and a majority of the outstanding private placement warrants.

On August 12, 2024, the Company completed the Exchange Offer and Consent Solicitation and issued 2,011,017 Class A Ordinary Shares in exchange for 6,703,428 Public Warrants and 1,224,167 Class A Ordinary Shares in exchange for 4,080,580 Private Placement Warrants. In connection with its completion of the Exchange Offer, the Company entered into an amendment, dated August 12, 2024 (the “Warrant Amendment”), to the Warrant Agreement to provide the Company with the right to mandatorily exchange the Company’s remaining outstanding IPO warrants for Class A ordinary shares at an exchange ratio of 0.27 Class A ordinary shares for each IPO warrant. On August 27, 2024, in accordance with the Warrant Amendment, the Company issued 547,006 Class A Ordinary Shares in exchange for the 196,568 outstanding Public Warrants and 1,829,420 outstanding Private Placement Warrants. As a result, there are no outstanding IPO warrants as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2025. In connection with the Warrant Exchange, the Company paid out a de minimis amount of cash in lieu of fractional shares.

The Company incurred approximately $1.6 million of costs directly related to the Warrant Exchange, consisting primarily of dealer manager fees and professional, legal, filing, regulatory, and other costs, which are included in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Exchange of Class A Ordinary Shares for Pre-Funded Warrants

In April 2025, the Company entered into share surrender and warrant agreements with certain affiliated shareholders (the “2025 Shareholders”), pursuant to which (i) the 2025 Shareholders surrendered an aggregate of 6,500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares owned by the 2025 Shareholders, for no consideration, which were immediately cancelled and retired, upon surrender; and (ii) the Company issued pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 6,500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (the “2025 Share Exchange Warrants) (such transaction, the “2025 Share Exchange”) with an exercise price of $0.001 per share and no expiration date. The 2025 Share Exchange Warrants are exercisable immediately and have substantially identical terms to the form of 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant (see above). As of December 31, 2025, all of the 2025 Share Exchange Warrants remained outstanding.

On August 15, 2024, the Company entered into a share surrender and warrant agreement (the “Share Exchange Agreement”) with certain affiliated shareholders (the “Shareholders”), pursuant to which (i) the Shareholders surrendered an aggregate of 4,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares owned by the Shareholders, for no consideration, which were immediately cancelled and retired, upon surrender; and (ii) the Company issued pre - funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,000,000 Ordinary Shares, with an exercise price of $0.001 per share (the “Share Exchange Warrants”) (the “Share Exchange”). The Share Exchange Warrants are exercisable immediately and have substantially identical terms to the form of 2024 Pre-Funded Warrant (see above). A holder of the Share Exchange Warrants (together with its affiliates and other attribution parties) may not exercise any portion of a Share Exchange Warrant to the extent that immediately prior to or after giving effect to such exercise the holder would beneficially own more than 9.99% of the Company’s outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares immediately after exercise, which percentage may be increased or decreased to any other percentage specified not in excess of 9.99% at the holder’s election upon 61 days’ notice to the Company subject to the terms of the Share Exchange Warrants. As of December 31, 2025, all of the Share Exchange Warrants remained outstanding.

The following table presents the number of warrants outstanding, their exercise price, and expiration dates as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:


As of December 31, 2025
Warrants Issued	Exercise Price		Expiration Date
27,495,396	$	0.001	N/A


As of December 31, 2024
Warrants Issued		Exercise Price			Expiration Date
23,884,348		$	0.001		N/A

Class A Ordinary Shares Reserved for Issuance

The summary of shares reserved for issuance as of December 31, 2025 is summarized below:


		December 31, 2025
Shares issuable upon exercise of warrants to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares		27,495,396
Shares issuable upon exercise of options to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares		16,463,011
Shares available for grant under 2023 Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP		801,577
Shares issuable upon release of restricted share units		583,282
Total shares reserved for issuance		45,343,266

- Definition

The entire disclosure for equity.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 815
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 8A
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480434/815-10-50-8A

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (h)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 14
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-14

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477968/946-235-50-2

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477968/946-235-50-2

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 505
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478448/946-505-50-6

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 815
-SubTopic 40
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480237/815-40-50-6

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480008/505-10-S99-1

Reference 10: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Topic 505
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/505/tableOfContent

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (g)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (i)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 14
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-14

Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 14
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-14

Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 16
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-16

Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 18
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-18

Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 18
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-18

Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 18
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-18

+ Details

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Information provided to the chief operating decision maker (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
General and administrative expenses:
Share-based compensation expense	$ 12,332	$ 16,798
Net loss	(68,650)	(52,403)
Single reportable segment
Research and development expenses:
Wages and benefits	7,381	3,543
Unallocated research and development expenses	1,938	1,271
General and administrative expenses:
Wages and benefits	10,635	6,395
Other general and administrative expenses	12,163	9,810
Share-based compensation expense	12,332	16,798
Other segment items	$ (6,550)	$ (2,777)
Segment Reporting, Other Segment Item, Composition, Description	Other segment items include Depreciation and amortization, Interest income, Change in fair value of private placement warrants, and Other income (net)	Other segment items include Depreciation and amortization, Interest income, Change in fair value of private placement warrants, and Other income (net)
Net loss	$ 68,650	$ 52,403
Single reportable segment \| Tibulizumab Combined (SSc and HS) Programs
Research and development expenses:
Research and development expense, specific to programs	5,718	12,875
Single reportable segment \| Tibulizumab SSc Program
Research and development expenses:
Research and development expense, specific to programs	10,650	2,393
Single reportable segment \| Tibulizumab HS Program
Research and development expenses:
Research and development expense, specific to programs	9,990	552
Single reportable segment \| Crebankitug and Torudokimab
Research and development expenses:
Research and development expense, specific to programs	$ 4,393	$ 1,543

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

4.	Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Accounts payable and accrued expenses are composed of the following as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:


		December 31,
		2025		2024
Accrued research and development costs		$	6,575	$	7,100
Accrued 2023 Lilly License costs			—		9,500
Accrued bonus			3,319		1,713
Accounts payable			1,279		733
Accrued professional fees			559		318
Other accrued expenses			678		150
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses		$	12,410	$	19,514

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Shareholders' Equity (Deficit) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
April 2024 Private Placement
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Issuance of shares, Transaction costs		$ 7.2
At The Market Offering
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Issuance of shares, Transaction costs	$ 0.2	$ 0.2

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$ 42,082	$ 24,401
General and administrative	33,164	30,788
Total operating expenses	75,246	55,189
Loss from operations	(75,246)	(55,189)
Other (income)/expense, net
Interest income	(6,336)	(7,998)
Change in fair value of private placement warrants		5,240
Other income, net	(260)	(28)
Total other income, net	(6,596)	(2,786)
Loss before income taxes	(68,650)	(52,403)
Income tax benefit
Net loss	(68,650)	(52,403)
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interest	831	7,017
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value	4,868
Deemed dividend on extinguishment of noncontrolling interest and redeemable noncontrolling interest	(36,402)
Net loss attributable to Class A Ordinary Shareholders of Zura	$ (99,353)	$ (45,386)
Net loss per share attributable to Class A Ordinary Shareholders of Zura, basic (in dollars per share)	$ (1.06)	$ (0.6)
Net loss per share attributable to Class A Ordinary Shareholders of Zura, diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (1.06)	$ (0.6)
Weighted-average Class A Ordinary Shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Class A Ordinary Shareholders of Zura, basic (in shares)	94,160,138	75,070,761
Weighted-average Class A Ordinary Shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Class A Ordinary Shareholders of Zura, diluted (in shares)	94,160,138	75,070,761

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Cash and Cash Equivalents (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 106.3	$ 170.7

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - R&D Incentive Credits (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2025 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2025 USD ($) claim
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of claims filed \| claim		2
R&D Credit \| $	$ 1.0	$ 0.3

License Agreements - 2022 Lilly License (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions			1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 14, 2025 USD ($) shares	Dec. 08, 2022 USD ($) payment $ / shares shares	Nov. 30, 2023	Apr. 30, 2023 shares	Mar. 31, 2022 shares	Dec. 31, 2025 USD ($)
Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right
License
Number of shares transferred \| shares					4,900,222
Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right \| Put option
License
Put right percentage	50.00%
Consideration payable	$ 5.0
Class A Ordinary shares \| Put option
License
Shares of put option \| shares	2,000,000
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right
License
Number of shares transferred \| shares		4,900,222
Right but not the obligation to sell the issued shares, maximum percentage			50.00%
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right \| Call option
License
Right but not the obligation for purchase of issued shares, maximum percentage		50.00%
Purchase price per share \| $ / shares		$ 2.448869
Threshold period from the date of agreement for purchase of issued shares		2 years		6 months
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right \| Put option
License
Right but not the obligation to sell the issued shares, maximum percentage		50.00%
Selling price per share \| $ / shares		$ 2.040724
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Class A Ordinary shares \| Call option
License
Number of shares issued on exercise of call options \| shares				2,000,000
License agreement with Lilly
License
Amount of cash transferred		$ 7.0
Number of Class A ordinary shares agreed to issue upon the closing of the business combination \| shares		550,000
Amount of obligation to pay upon the completion of financing						$ 3.0
Minimum gross proceeds from financing for obligation to pay		$ 100.0
Number of Commercial, development and regulatory milestone payments \| payment		10
Maximum amount of development and regulatory milestone payments		$ 155.0
Maximum amount of sales milestone payments		$ 440.0
Contingent payments due						0.0
License agreement with Lilly \| Stone Peach Properties, LLC
License
Contingent payments due						$ 0.0

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Class A ordinary shares, par value per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Class A ordinary shares authorized (in shares)	300,000,000	300,000,000
Class A ordinary shares issued (in shares)	73,680,710	65,297,530
Class A ordinary shares outstanding (in shares)	73,680,710	65,297,530

Document and Entity Information - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Document and Entity Information - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2025	Mar. 16, 2026	Jun. 30, 2025
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2025
Document Transition Report	false
Securities Act File Number	001-40598
Entity Registrant Name	ZURA BIO LIMITED
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	E9
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-1725736
Entity Address, Address Line One	1489 W. Warm Springs Rd. #110
Entity Address, City or Town	Henderson
Entity Address, State or Province	NV
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	89014
City Area Code	702
Local Phone Number	825-9872
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	ZURA
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 58,992,819
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		94,880,710
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Part III of this Annual Report incorporates by reference information from the definitive proxy statement for the registrant’s 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, which is expected to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.
Auditor Name	WithumSmith+Brown, PC
Auditor Location	East Brunswick, New Jersey
Auditor Firm ID	100
Entity Central Index Key	0001855644
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2025
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Amendment Flag	false

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ (68,650)	$ (52,403)

- Definition

The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

+ References

+ Details

Share-Based Compensation (Details)			12 Months Ended
Share-Based Compensation (Details)	Mar. 20, 2023 shares	Mar. 16, 2023 shares	Dec. 31, 2025 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2024 $ / shares shares	Jun. 01, 2023 shares
Share-based Compensation
Share based payment award, option to vest (in years)		4 years
Expiration term (in years)		10 years
Market-Based Share Options
Share-based Compensation
Expiration term (in years)	10 years
Number of options granted	306,373		0	0
Maximum
Share-based Compensation
Number of shares authorized for issuance under the option plans			16,888,988
Equity Incentive Plan 2023
Share-based Compensation
Percentage of ordinary shares outstanding		5.00%
Number of shares authorized for issuance under the option plans		8,059,796
Number of options granted			5,859,490
Weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value
Share price \| $ / shares			1.26	3.35
Expected volatility			102.20%	101.10%
Risk-free rate			4.10%	4.20%
Expected term (in years)			6 years 1 month 6 days	6 years
Equity Incentive Plan 2023 \| Class A Ordinary shares
Share-based Compensation
Number of shares authorized for issuance under the option plans					5,564,315
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Share-based Compensation
Number of shares authorized for issuance under the option plans		4,029,898
Percentage of discount for eligible employees		15.00%
Number of options granted			0

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 109,407	$ 176,498
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,903	2,246
Total current assets	112,310	178,744
Property and equipment, net	126	91
Other assets	1,512	698
Total assets	113,948	179,533
Current liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	12,410	19,514
Total current liabilities	12,410	19,514
Total liabilities	12,410	19,514
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest		11,663
Shareholders' Equity
Class A Ordinary Shares, $0.0001 par value; 300,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2025 and 2024; 73,680,710 and 65,297,530 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively	7	7
Additional paid-in capital	326,078	302,705
Accumulated deficit	(224,547)	(155,897)
Total Zura Bio Limited shareholders' equity	101,538	146,815
Noncontrolling interest		1,541
Total shareholders' equity	101,538	148,356
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest and shareholders' equity	$ 113,948	$ 179,533

Defined Contribution Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Defined Contribution Plans

Defined Contribution Plans

11.

Defined Contribution Plans

The Company maintains a 401(k) defined contribution retirement plan (the “401(k) Plan”) for all of its U.S. employees. For the 401(k) Plan, the Company makes a matching contribution up to a maximum of 6% of an employee’s annual salary. For U.K. employees, the Company contributes up to 6% of an employee’s annual salary to defined contribution retirement pension plans. Contributions made by the Company vest 100% upon contribution. For the year-ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded expense of $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively for the defined contribution plans.

Shareholders' Equity - Ordinary Shares Reserved for Issuance (Details)	Dec. 31, 2025 shares
Shareholders' Equity
Shares reserved for issuance	45,343,266
Shares available for grant under 2023 Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP
Shareholders' Equity
Shares reserved for issuance	801,577
Shares issuable upon exercise of warrants to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares
Shareholders' Equity
Shares reserved for issuance	16,463,011
Shares issuable upon release of restricted share units
Shareholders' Equity
Shares reserved for issuance	583,282
Shares issuable upon exercise of warrants to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares
Shareholders' Equity
Shares reserved for issuance	27,495,396

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
April 2024 Private Placement
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Issuance of shares, Transaction costs		$ 7.2
At The Market Offering
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Issuance of shares, Transaction costs	$ 0.2	$ 0.2

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2.	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements (the “consolidated financial statements”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of its consolidated subsidiaries. Other shareholders’ interests in the Company’s subsidiaries, Z33 Bio, Inc. (“Z33”) and ZB17 LLC (“ZB17”), are shown in the consolidated financial statements as redeemable noncontrolling interest and noncontrolling interest, respectively. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the consolidated financial statements relate to and include, but are not limited to, accrued research and development expenses, the fair value of share-based compensation, the fair value of redeemable noncontrolling interest, and the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to risks common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry, including, but not limited to, development by the Company or its competitors of technological innovations, risks of failure of clinical studies, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations, and ability to transition from preclinical manufacturing to commercial production of products.

The Company’s future product candidates will require approvals from the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and comparable foreign regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales in their respective jurisdictions. There can be no assurance that any product candidates will receive the necessary approvals. If the Company was denied approval, approval was delayed or the Company was unable to maintain approval for any product candidate, it could have a material adverse impact on the Company.

The Company has significant cash balances at financial institutions which throughout the year regularly exceed the federally insured limit of $250,000. Any loss incurred or a lack of access to such funds could have a significant adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Segments

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is the Chief Executive Officer. The Company and the CODM views its operations and manages its business in one operating segment, developing novel medicines for immune and inflammatory disorders. The Company has business activities in different regions that are managed on a consolidated basis.

The accounting policies of the Company’s segment are the same as those described within this footnote. The CODM uses net loss, that is reported in the consolidated statements of operations to assess performance for the Company’s segment and decide how to allocate resources. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheet as total consolidated assets. The following tables represent information provided to the chief operating decision maker:


		Year Ended December 31,
		2025			2024
Research and development expenses:
Wages and benefits		$	7,381		$	3,543
Tibulizumab SSc Program			10,650			2,393
Tibulizumab HS Program			9,990			552
Tibulizumab Combined (SSc and HS) Programs			5,718			12,875
Additional product candidates (crebankitug and torudokimab)			4,393			1,543
Unallocated research and development expenses			1,938			1,271
General and administrative expenses:
Wages and benefits			10,635			6,395
Other general and administrative expenses			12,163			9,810
Stock-based compensation			12,332			16,798
Other segment items*			(6,550)			(2,777)
Net loss		$	68,650		$	52,403

*Other segment items include Depreciation and amortization, Interest income, Change in fair value of private placement warrants, and Other income (net).

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company had $106.3 million and $170.7 million in cash equivalents as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset. Computer and office equipment are depreciated over three years. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are recorded to expense as incurred.

Research and Development

Research and development (“R&D”) expenses consist of all direct and indirect operating expenses supporting the processes and manufacturing in development, including consulting fees for clinical and manufacturing advisory services, contract research organization (“CRO”) costs, costs related to manufacturing material for preclinical studies, payroll and benefits, which includes share-based compensation for research and development employees, licensing fees, and data and study acquisition costs. Expenses are recognized as an expense as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments, if necessary. The significant estimates in our accrued research and development expenses include the costs incurred for services performed by our vendors in connection with research and development activities for which we have not yet been invoiced.

R&D expenses include the cost of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) assets purchased in an asset acquisition transaction. IPR&D assets are expensed provided that the acquired asset did not also include processes or activities that would constitute a “business” as defined under U.S. GAAP, the drug has not achieved regulatory approval for marketing and, absent obtaining such approval, has no established alternative future use. Acquired IPR&D payments, including upfront payments, transaction fees and subsequent pre-commercial milestone payments, are immediately expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Research and development costs incurred after the acquisition are expensed as incurred.

R&D Incentive Credits

The Company is eligible to obtain certain R&D incentive credits (the “R&D Credits”), through participation in the United Kingdom’s (“U.K.”) R&D Small and Medium Enterprise (“SME”) and the Research and Development Expenditure Credit (“RDEC”) tax relief programs.

The R&D Credits are calculated as a percentage of qualifying R&D expenses incurred as part of research projects. The R&D Credits are used as tax credits for the Company with the resulting amount being payable in cash by the U.K. government (tax authority) to the Company. The R&D Credits are subject to future audits by the U.K. tax authority within defined periods.

Although the incentive credits are administered through the local tax authority, the Company has accounted for the incentives outside of the scope of FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 740, Income Taxes, since the incentives are not linked to the Company’s taxable income and can be realized regardless of whether the Company has generated taxable income in the respective jurisdictions. The Company accounts for these incentive credits as a government grant which analogizes with International Accounting Standards 20 (“IAS 20”), Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance.

In accordance with IAS 20, the Company will recognize the R&D Credits when it has reasonable assurance that the R&D Credits will be received. As the Company has only filed two claims under the tax relief programs as of December 31, 2025, it has determined that reasonable assurance will be met upon cash receipt. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded $0.3 million in other income, net in the consolidated statement of operations for R&D Credits received in May 2025. In April 2025, the Company filed an additional claim for an R&D Credit for $1.0 million that was not received as of December 31, 2025.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for all share-based payments to employees and non-employees, including grants of share options, share options with non-market performance conditions (“PSOs”), share options with market-based performance conditions, restricted share units (“RSUs”), and restricted share awards (“RSAs”) based on their respective grant date fair values. RSUs, RSAs and share options that vest immediately and have a nominal exercise price are valued based on the fair value of the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares on the date of grant. The Company estimates the fair value of share option grants using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. These assumptions include:

Expected volatility—Due to our limited operating history and a lack of company-specific historical and implied volatility data, we have based our estimate of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies. The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the selected companies’ shares during the equivalent period of the calculated expected term of the share-based awards. We will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own share price becomes available.

Expected term—The expected term represents the period that the share-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We have opted to use the “simplified method” for estimating the expected term of options, whereby the expected term equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option, which is generally between 5 to 10 years.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free rate assumption is based on the United States Treasury yield in effect at the time of the grant with maturities consistent with the expected term of our options.

Dividend Yield—We have never paid dividends on our ordinary shares and have no plans to pay dividends on our ordinary shares. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.

The Company expenses share-based compensation related to share options with only service conditions over the requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company records share-based compensation expense for the PSOs when the Company’s management deems it probable that the performance conditions will be satisfied. The Company estimates the fair value of share option grants with market-based performance conditions using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. For share option grants with market-based performance conditions, the Company recognizes share-based compensation expense as the requisite service is rendered by the employee, regardless of when, if ever, the market-based performance conditions are satisfied. The share-based compensation costs are recorded in research and development and general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations based upon the respective employee’s or non-employee’s role within the Company. Forfeitures are recorded as they occur.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. ASC 740 requires a company to use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all of, the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effect of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment.

Under ASC 740, a tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions for any of the reporting periods presented. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as part of income tax expense.

On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed H.R. 1, the annual reconciliation bill commonly referred to as the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (“OBBBA”) into law. The OBBBA makes permanent many of the provisions previously enacted as part of the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act that were set to expire at the end of 2025 and includes other changes to certain U.S. corporate tax provisions including (i) the restoration of immediate expensing for domestic research and development expenditures, (ii) the reinstatement of 100% bonus depreciation for qualified property and (iii) favorably modifying the section 163(j) interest limitation (similar to EBITDA). FASB Topic 740, “Income Taxes”, requires the tax effects of changes in tax laws or rates be recognized in the period in which the law is enacted. The enactment of the OBBBA did not have a material impact on our effective tax rate as of December 31, 2025.

Warrants

In connection with the Business Combination, the Company assumed JATT’s public warrant and private placement warrant liabilities. As a result of the recapitalization, the settlement provisions of the Public Warrants (as defined herein) no longer preclude equity classification and the Public Warrants were reclassified to equity following the Business Combination. The Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants (as defined herein) were exchanged for Class A Ordinary Shares during the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Warrant Exchange”). See Note 6.

In connection with each of the April 2024 Private Placement and April 2023 Private Placement (each as defined herein), the Company issued pre-funded warrants.

Classification of the Public Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants (as defined herein) as equity instruments and the Private Placement Warrants as liability instruments is based on management’s analysis of the guidance in ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The Company measured the private placement warrant liability at fair value each reporting period and at settlement value, based on the fair value of the Class A Ordinary Shares exchanged, upon the Warrant Exchange, with the change in fair value recorded as other (expense) income in the consolidated statements of operations. Upon completion of the Warrant Exchange, the warrant liability was extinguished and the Class A Ordinary Shares were recorded at fair value in shareholders’ equity. The Company measured the Public Warrants at the fair value of the equity instruments as of the Closing Date of the Business Combination. The Company measured the Pre-Funded Warrants at the fair value of the equity instruments as of the date of the April 2023 Private Placement, the April 2024 Private Placement, the Share Exchange, or the 2025 Share Exchange (as defined herein), as applicable. See Note 6.

Noncontrolling Interest

During April 2023, ZB17, a consolidated subsidiary of the Company, issued a share-based payment award to a third party in connection with 2023 Lilly License representing a noncontrolling interest. A noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is considered an ownership interest in a majority-owned subsidiary that is not attributable to the parent. The Company includes noncontrolling interest as a component of total shareholders’ equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The option to acquire ZB17 ownership interests does not provide the option-holder with rights to participate in the profits and losses of the subsidiary prior to the exercise of the option. Following the Athanor Agreement, the noncontrolling interest in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet was extinguished as of December 31, 2025. See Note 5.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

In 2022, Z33, a consolidated subsidiary of the Company, issued 4,900,222 shares of its series seed preferred shares (the “Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares”) to Stone Peach representing a redeemable noncontrolling interest. The Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares issued to Stone Peach contained put features and were considered redeemable until the exercise or the expiration of the put features. The redeemable noncontrolling interests were classified outside of permanent equity in the consolidated balance sheets. The redeemable noncontrolling interest was measured at the end of each reporting period as the higher of (1) its initial carrying amount, increased or decreased for the noncontrolling interest’s share of Z33’s net income or loss, or (2) the redemption price, with any changes included in accretion of noncontrolling interest to redemption value in the consolidated statements of operations. Following the Athanor Agreement, the redeemable noncontrolling interest in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet was extinguished as of December 31, 2025. See Notes 5 and 10.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to Class A Ordinary Shareholders by the weighted-average number of both Class A Ordinary Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants outstanding during the period. As the Company has a net loss, basic and diluted net loss per share was the same for each period presented as the inclusion of all potentially dilutive securities outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.

As of the periods presented, potentially dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share, because to do so would be anti-dilutive, were as follows:


		December 31,
		2025		2024
Shares issuable upon exercise of options to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares		14,110,191		10,175,633
Shares issuable upon exercise of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right		—		2,000,000
Shares issuable upon vesting of restricted share units		573,282		859,923
Restricted share awards		249,997		374,995
Total		14,933,470		13,410,551

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), ASU 2023-09 to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in the ASU address investor requests for enhanced income tax information primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. We adopted this standard on a retrospective basis for our 2025 annual reporting. Refer to Note 8, Income Taxes for the disclosures required by this guidance.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”). This ASU requires disclosure, in the notes to financial statements, of the nature of certain expenses included in the income statement. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03 and expects to adopt it for the year ending December 31, 2027.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities, which establishes guidance on the recognition, measurement, and presentation of government grants received by business entities. The amendments in ASU 2025-10 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The guidance can be applied under a modified prospective approach, a modified retrospective approach, or a full retrospective approach. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the adoption of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

License Agreements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

License Agreements

License Agreements

5.	License Agreements

2023 Lilly License

On April 26, 2023, ZB17 entered into a license agreement with Lilly (the “2023 Lilly License” and, together with the 2022 Lilly License (as defined below), the “Lilly Licenses”), for an exclusive license to develop, manufacture and commercialize tibulizumab. As consideration, we paid Lilly an upfront payment consisting of $5.8 million during 2023 and issued Class A Ordinary Shares at an aggregate fair value of $7.8 million during the year ended 2023. During 2024, ZB17 made an additional payment of $5.0 million to Lilly in connection with the receipt of certain know-how, data, information and materials that Lilly is required to provide under the license agreement.

The acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition as substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired is concentrated in a group of similar identifiable IPR&D assets. On the acquisition date, the molecule licensed had not yet received regulatory approval and the IPR&D did not have an alternative use. Accordingly, the Company expensed the entire cost of the 2023 Lilly License in research and development in the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2023.

In consideration for the investment made by Stone Peach Properties, LLC (“Stone Peach”), the Company entered into a letter agreement with Stone Peach and ZB17, dated April 24, 2023, as amended by letter agreement dated November 21, 2023 (the “ZB17 Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which ZB17 granted Stone Peach the right, but not the obligation, to purchase 4.99% of the fully diluted equity of ZB17 for $1.0 million (the “Stone Peach Call Right”). The Stone Peach Call Right was not exercisable until after the last patient is dosed in any single next clinical trial with tibulizumab and would expire one year from the date of first indication approval for tibulizumab by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”). We recognized the Stone Peach Call Right at a grant-date fair value of $1.5 million as a component of research and development in the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Stone Peach Call Right represented a noncontrolling interest in our consolidated subsidiary, ZB17. On December 29, 2025, the Company terminated the ZB17 Letter Agreement, and the noncontrolling interest was extinguished as of December 31, 2025. See “—Stone Peach Settlement and Release Agreement” below. As of December 31, 2024, the noncontrolling interest balance was $1.5 million in the consolidated balance sheet.

Additionally, beginning on May 1, 2023, Stone Peach received an annual payment of $0.6 million initially, and increasing by 10% annually, so long as the Company maintains its license for tibulizumab, to be paid on May 1stof each year. The Company records expense for these annual payments when they become due. For each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded $0.7 million in research and development in the consolidated statement of operations for the annual payments. On December 29, 2025, the Company terminated the ZB17 Letter Agreement. See “ – Stone Peach Settlement and Release Agreement” below.

The Company recorded a one-time payment of $4.5 million for additional consideration due to Stone Peach upon approval from the FDA for its Investigational New Drug (“IND”) and commencement of the clinical trial for tibulizumab in research and development in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 and was paid in June 2025. The payment is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.

A letter agreement, dated as of April 25, 2023, by and between BAFFX17, Ltd (“BAFFX17”) and the Company, and as amended by Amendment No. 1 on December 18, 2023 (the “BAFFX17 Letter Agreement”), provided that, as a finder’s fee for arranging the acquisition of the 2023 Lilly License, the Company agreed to make a one-time milestone payment of $5.0 million to BAFFX17, Ltd (“BAFFX17”) upon the occurrence of either: (i) a change of control transaction, (ii) the closing of an issuance of equity or equity-linked securities by the Company of at least $100.0 million, (iii) the consummation of a sale of assets resulting in net proceeds in excess of $100.0 million, or (iv) the Company’s fully diluted shares outstanding exceed 52,500,000 shares (on a split adjusted basis) as measured on April 24thof each year. As the Company’s fully diluted shares outstanding exceeded 52,500,000 shares prior to December 31, 2023, the $5.0 million fee was recorded in research and development in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, and is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024. On June 30, 2025, the Company received an invoice on behalf of BAFFX17 requesting a $5.0 million milestone payment pursuant to the BAFFX17 Letter Agreement. The Company did not make such payment and the BAFFX17 Letter Agreement was terminated on December 29, 2025. See “—BAFFX17 Settlement and Release Agreement” below.

In addition to the consideration paid and/or earned in 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company is obligated to make payments to Lilly (a) for four (4) development milestone payments up to an aggregate of $155.0 million, and sales milestone payments up to an aggregate of $440.0 million based on respective thresholds of net sales of products developed from tibulizumab; and (b) over a multi-year period (twelve years, or upon the later expiration of regulatory exclusivity of ZB-106 in a country) for an annual earned royalty at a marginal royalty rate in the mid-single digits to low-double digits, with increasing royalty percentage rates depending on net sales in the respective calendar year, based on a percentage of sales within varying thresholds for a certain period of years (collectively, the “2023 Lilly Contingent Payments”). As of December 31, 2025, none of the 2023 Lilly Contingent Payments are due and accordingly will not be recorded in the Company’s financial statements until they are due. Prior to the BAFFX17 Settlement Agreement and Stone Peach Settlement Agreement described below, we were also obligated to make payments (a) to BAFFX17 for a fee equal to 3% of any milestone or royalty payments due to Lilly pursuant to the terms of either the 2022 Lilly License or the 2023 Lilly License; (b) to Stone Peach for a one-time milestone payment of $25.0 million upon either (i) certain equity-related transactions, or (ii) the receipt of regulatory approval from the applicable regulatory authority for any new indication in the applicable jurisdiction; (c) to Stone Peach for a royalty of 2% of the aggregate net sales of any products developed from the compound. See “—BAFFX17 Settlement and Release Agreement” and “—Stone Peach Settlement and Release Agreement” below.

2022 Lilly License

On December 8, 2022, the Company’s consolidated subsidiary, Z33, entered into a license agreement with Lilly (the “2022 Lilly License”) pursuant to which Lilly granted Z33 an exclusive (even as to Lilly) license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize torudokimab. As consideration, the Company paid Lilly an upfront fee of $7.0 million during 2022 and issued 550,000 Class A Ordinary Shares upon the closing of the Business Combination (subject to certain lock-up provisions) (the “Lilly License Fee”). During 2022, the Company recorded expense for the entire cost of the Lilly License Fee. Prior to the Business Combination, the obligation to issue shares represented contingent consideration and was classified as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet (research and development license consideration liability), which was settled upon the issuance of shares upon the closing of the Business Combination.

A letter agreement dated December 8, 2022, as amended on November 21, 2023 (the “Z33 Letter Agreement” and, together with the ZB17 Letter Agreement, the “Stone Peach Letter Agreements”) by and between Stone Peach, the Company and Z33, provided that, as a finder’s fee in connection with arranging the acquisition, Z33 issued to Stone Peach Properties, LLC (“Stone Peach”) 4,900,222 shares of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares, which was included in the measurement of the cost of the acquired asset. The Company has the right, but not the obligation to purchase up to 50% of the Series Seed Preferred Shares issued to Stone Peach at a price per share of $2.448869 for a period of two years from the date of the agreement (the “Call Option”). Pursuant to the Z33 Letter Agreement, Stone Peach had the right, but not the obligation to sell up to 50% of the Series Seed Preferred Shares issued to Stone Peach to the Company for a price per share of $2.040724 (the “Put Option”). In April 2023, the Company agreed to exercise its Call Option and the Company amended the settlement terms to settle the Call Option by issuing 2,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (the “Amended Terms”). In November 2023, the Amended Terms were voided and the Company’s rights and obligations under the Call Option reverted to those in the original agreement (the “Second Amended Terms”). In connection with the Second Amended Terms, the Company also provided Stone Peach with the right, but not the obligation to sell up to 50% of the Series Seed Preferred Shares issued to Stone Peach to the Company in exchange for 2,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares (the “Put Right”). Stone Peach was permitted to exercise its Put Option and Put Right at any time between April 24, 2024 and April 24, 2028 under the new agreement. Each of the Amended Terms and the Second Amended Terms were considered an extinguishment and reissuance of the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares, and the Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares were remeasured to the greater of the redemption value or the initial fair value, less noncontrolling shareholder’s interest in net loss of Z33, at each subsequent reporting period. The Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares represented redeemable noncontrolling interest in the Company’s consolidated subsidiary, Z33.

In July 2025, the Company received a request from Stone Peach to exercise the Put Option pursuant to which Stone Peach would sell 50% of its Series Seed Preferred Shares in Z33 for $5.0 million. Additionally, in July 2025, the Company received a further request from Stone Peach to exercise the Put Right pursuant to which Stone Peach would sell 50% of its Series Seed Preferred Shares in Z33 in exchange for 2,000,000 of the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares. Upon exercise, the obligation to settle the Put Option in cash was recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses and additional paid-in capital. The obligation to settle the Put Right in Class A Ordinary Shares represented redeemable noncontrolling interest and was included in accounts payable and accrued expenses on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025. On December 29, 2025, the Company terminated the Z33 Letter Agreement and the redeemable noncontrolling interest and obligation to settle the Put Right were extinguished as of December 31, 2025. See “—Stone Peach Settlement and Release Agreement” below.

We paid an additional $3.0 million to Lilly in December 2025 because a financing by Z33 with gross proceeds exceeding $100.0 million did not occur by December 7, 2025. We are also obligated to make payments to Lilly for (a) 10 commercial, development and regulatory milestone payments up to an aggregate of $155.0 million and sales milestone payments up to an aggregate of $440.0 million based on respective thresholds of net sales of products developed from the licensed compound, if any; and (b) an annual earned royalty at a marginal royalty rate in the mid-single to low-double digits, with increasing royalty percentage rates based on net sales in the respective calendar year, based on a percentage of sales within varying thresholds for a certain period of the year, if any year (collectively, the “2022 Lilly Contingent Payments”). The Company will account for these contingent milestone payments when they become due. As of December 31, 2025, none of the 2022 Lilly Contingent Payments are due and accordingly will not be recorded in the Company’s financial statements until they are due.

Pfizer Agreement

On March 22, 2022, the Company entered into a license agreement and a Series A - 1 Subscription and Shareholder’s Agreement (collectively, the “Pfizer Agreement”) with Pfizer. Under the Pfizer Agreement, the Company acquired a license for crebankitug in exchange for $5.0 million in cash and 2,702,083 shares (as adjusted by the exchange ratio established in the Business Combination Agreement) of the Company’s Series A - 1 convertible preferred shares, representing a 20% interest in the Company. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations, the Pfizer Agreement is accounted for as an asset acquisition, as substantially all of the $7.5 million value transferred to the Company was allocated to IPR&D. On the acquisition date, the compound licensed had not yet received regulatory approval and the IPR&D did not have an alternative use.

In addition to the consideration transferred during 2022, the Company is obligated to make payments to Pfizer for (a) twelve (12) future development and regulatory milestone payments aggregating up to $70.0 million and sales milestone payments up to an aggregate of $525.0 million based on respective thresholds of net sales of products (developed from the licensed compound) (the “Products”), if any; and (b) an annual earned royalty at a marginal royalty rate in the mid-single digits to low double digits (less than 20%), based on thresholds of net sales of the Company’s Products, if any (collectively, the “Pfizer Contingent Payments”). Royalties are payable on a country-by-country basis for a certain period of years or upon the later expiration of regulatory exclusivity of the Company’s Products in a country.

The Company recorded the first $1.0 million development milestone, included in the Pfizer Contingent Payments, as a component of research and development in the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2023. This amount was fully paid to Pfizer during the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, no additional Pfizer Contingent Payments are due and accordingly no additional Pfizer Contingent Payments will be recorded in the Company’s financial statements until they are due.

Lonza License

In July 2022, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Lonza License”) with Lonza Sales AG (“Lonza”) for a worldwide non-exclusive license for Lonza’s gene expression system in exchange for varying considerations depending on a number of factors such as whether the Company enters further into manufacturing agreements with Lonza or with a third party, and whether the Company enters into sublicense agreements with third parties (including up to middle six-figure annual payments per sublicense upon commencement of a sublicense, as well as royalties of up to low-single digit percentages of net sales of certain products over a commercially standard double-digit multi-year term). The Lonza License will remain in effect until terminated. The Company is free to terminate the Lonza License at any time upon 60 days’ notice, with or without cause. Lonza may terminate the Lonza License for cause upon a breach by the Company or for other commercially standard reasons.

During October 2023, the Company began drug substance manufacturing with another third party. As a result of manufacturing with a third party other than Lonza, under the terms of the Lonza License the Company had a license fee of $0.4 million due to Lonza in the fourth quarter of 2023 and annually thereafter. The Company recorded $0.4 million for the Lonza License in research and development in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. During each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, $0.4 million was paid for the Lonza License.

WuXi Biologics License

In July 2023, the Company entered into a cell line license agreement (the “Cell Line License Agreement”) with WuXi Biologics and its Affiliates (“WuXi Biologics”) for certain of WuXi Biologics’s know-how, cell line, and biological materials to manufacture, have manufactured, use, sell and import certain products produced through the use of the cell line licensed by WuXi Biologics under the Cell Line License Agreement (the “WuXi Biologics Licensed Products”). If the Company manufactures all of its commercial supplies of bulk drug product for WuXi Biologics Licensed Products with a manufacturer other than WuXi Biologics or its affiliates, the Company is required to make royalty payments to WuXi Biologics in an amount equal to a fraction of a single digit percentage of global net sales of WuXi Biologics Licensed Products manufactured by a third-party manufacturer (the “Royalty”). If the Company manufactures part of its commercial supplies of the WuXi Biologics Licensed Products with WuXi Biologics or its affiliates, then the Royalty will be reduced accordingly on a pro rata basis. The Cell Line License Agreement will continue indefinitely unless terminated (i) by the Company upon three months’ prior written notice and its payment of all undisputed amounts due to WuXi Biologics through the effective date of termination, (ii) by WuXi Biologics for a material breach by the Company that remains uncured for 30 days after written notice, or (iii) by WuXi Biologics if the Company fails to make a payment and such failure continues for 30 days after receiving notice of such failure. As of December 31, 2025, there are no payments currently due under the Cell Line License Agreement.

Athanor Letter Agreement

On December 29, 2025, in connection with the termination of the Stone Peach Letter Agreements, the Company entered into a letter agreement with Athanor Capital, an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability (“Athanor”) (the “Athanor Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company issued to Athanor 8,657,402 Class A Ordinary Shares (the “Athanor Shares”). Athanor is also entitled to piggyback registration rights pursuant to which Athanor has the right to include Athanor Shares in certain registered offerings by the Company or if the Company proposes to file a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), with respect to the registration of equity securities, as set forth in the Athanor Agreement.

In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Athanor Agreement, the Company agreed to pay Athanor an upfront fee in an amount equal to $7.3 million within thirty days of execution of the Athanor Agreement and a one-time milestone payment in the amount of $25.0 million after the occurrence of the earliest of the following events: (i) we or ZB17 undergoes a Change of Control (as defined in the Athanor Agreement), (ii) the consummation by the Company or ZB17 of a sale of assets resulting in net proceeds in excess of $500.0 million, or (iii) First Indication Regulatory Approval (as defined in the Athanor Agreement). In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Athanor Agreement, the Company agreed to pay an amount equal to 2% of Net Sales (as defined in the Athanor Agreement) for the Product (as defined in the Athanor Agreement) to the extent such Net Sales (collectively, the “Net Sales Payments”) are the subject of a royalty payment under that certain license agreement dated as of April 26, 2023, by and between ZB17 and Lilly. The upfront fee was paid as of December 31, 2025.

The Athanor Agreement contains representations, warranties and covenants by the parties in addition to the terms described above and shall remain in effect on a country-by-country basis until the expiration of the obligation to pay the Net Sales Payments.

Stone Peach Settlement and Release Agreement

In connection with the termination of the Stone Peach Letter Agreements, on December 29, 2025, the Company and Stone Peach, Baljit Lehal and Kanwarjeet “Shawn” Tucker (the “Stone Peach Parties”) entered into a Settlement and Release Agreement (the “Stone Peach Settlement Agreement”). Pursuant to the Stone Peach Settlement Agreement, the Stone Peach Parties acknowledged that, as between the Company and any of the Stone Peach Parties, each of (i) the Stone Peach Letter Agreements, (ii) that certain Z33 Founder Issuance Agreement, dated December 8, 2022, between Z33 and Stone Peach, (iii) that certain Series Seed Preferred Stock Investment Agreement, dated December 8, 2022, between the Company and Stone Peach and (iv) that certain Confidentiality and Non-Circumvention Agreement dated December 13, 2022, between the Company and Stone Peach (such agreements, the “Stone Peach Agreements”) are terminated and therefore rendered null and void, and unenforceable in part or in whole by any of the Stone Peach Parties. In addition, pursuant to the Stone Peach Settlement Agreement, the Stone Peach Parties provided a general release of the Company and its affiliates, together with the Company’s predecessors, successors, and assigns and past, present and future officers, directors, shareholders,

members, partners, attorneys, agents, employees, managers, representatives, assigns and successors in interest from and against any and all claims under the Stone Peach Agreements along with any other complaints, claims, causes of action, rights or damages which the Stone Peach Parties have or may have had against the Company or any of the Company’s affiliates.

BAFFX17 Settlement and Release Agreement

On December 29, 2025, the Company and BAFFX17, Asim Mohammed and Lahmber Singh (the “BAFFX17 Parties”) entered into a Settlement and Release Agreement (the “BAFFX17 Settlement Agreement”). Pursuant to the BAFFX17 Settlement Agreement, we and the BAFFX17 Parties agreed and acknowledged that a certain letter agreement by and between BAFFX17 and the Company dated April 25, 2023, as amended by letter agreement dated December 18, 2023 (the “BAFFX17 Agreements”) are terminated and therefore rendered null and void and unenforceable in part or in whole by any BAFFX17 Party. In addition, pursuant to the BAFFX17 Settlement Agreement, the BAFFX17 Parties provided a general release of the Company and its affiliates, together with the Company’s predecessors, successors, and assigns and past, present and future officers, directors, shareholders, members, partners, attorneys, agents, employees, managers, representatives, assigns and successors in interest from and against any and all claims under the BAFFX17 Agreements along with any other complaints, claims, causes of action, rights or damages which the BAFFX17 Parties have or may have had against the Company or any of the Company’s affiliates. As the Company has been relieved of the liability by BAFFX17, the reversal of the previously recorded $5.0 million one-time milestone payment obligation was recorded as a decrease to accounts payable and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheet and a decrease to research and development expenses on the consolidated statement of operations for the year-ended December 31, 2025.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended			9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 08, 2022	Jul. 31, 2025	Nov. 30, 2023	Apr. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value						$ 4,868
Redeemable noncontrolling interest							$ 11,663
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Remaining redeemable non-controlling interest percentage		50.00%			50.00%
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right \| Call option
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Purchase price per share	$ 2.448869
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right \| Put option
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Percentage of redeemable non controlling interest		50.00%
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Number of shares in exchange for exercise of put Right			2,000,000
Right but not the obligation to sell the issued shares, maximum percentage			50.00%
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right \| Call option
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Right but not the obligation for purchase of issued shares, maximum percentage	50.00%
Purchase price per share	$ 2.448869
Threshold period from the date of agreement for purchase of issued shares	2 years			6 months
Percentage of the call options exercised				50.00%
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right \| Put option
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Percentage of the call options exercised	50.00%
Selling price per share	$ 2.040724
Right but not the obligation to sell the issued shares, maximum percentage	50.00%
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Class A Ordinary shares
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Number of shares in exchange for exercise of put Right			2,000,000
Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Class A Ordinary shares \| Call option
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Number of shares issued on exercise of call options				2,000,000
Z33 \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Accretion of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value			$ 9,200
Z33 \| Stone Peach Properties, LLC \| Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Deemed dividend to the redeemable noncontrolling interest				$ 10,900

Income Taxes - Reconciliation of the total change in the valuation allowance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Income Taxes
Beginning Balance	$ (25,661)	$ (17,893)
Change charged to income tax expense	(12,835)	(7,508)
Change charged to current translation adjustment	(938)	(260)
Ending balance	$ (39,434)	$ (25,661)

License Agreements - License (Details) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
License Agreements - License (Details) $ in Millions	Mar. 22, 2022 USD ($) payment shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2025 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Lonza milestone payment
License
Payments of license fee			$ 0.4	$ 0.4
Lonza milestone payment \| Research and development
License
License fee			0.4	$ 0.4
Lonza milestone payment \| Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities
License
Annual milestone payment, due and payable		$ 0.4
Wuxi Biologics License
License
Amount of license costs payable			0.0
Agreement with Pfizer
License
Amount of cash transferred	$ 5.0
Number of shares transferred \| shares	2,702,083
Percentage of interest	20.00%
Fair value of shares transferred	$ 7.5
Number of development and regulatory milestone payments \| payment	12
Maximum amount of development and regulatory milestone payments	$ 70.0
Maximum amount of sales milestone payments	$ 525.0
Maximum annual earned royalty at a marginal royalty rate	20.00%
Development Of research and development					$ 1.0
Amount of license costs payable			$ 0.0

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Net Loss Per Share (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Total	14,933,470	13,410,551
Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Total	14,110,191	10,175,633
Shares issuable upon exercise of warrants to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Total		2,000,000
Shares issuable upon settlement of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Total	573,282	859,923
Shares issuable upon vesting of restricted share units
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Total	249,997	374,995

Income taxes - Reconciliation of income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Amount
Income tax at U.S. federal statutory rate	$ (14,416)	$ (11,005)
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, State and Local Jurisdiction, Contribution Greater than 50 Percent, Tax Effect [Extensible Enumeration]	FLORIDA, VIRGINIA	FLORIDA, VIRGINIA
Nontaxable or nondeductible items	$ 347	$ 210
Total
Tax Jurisdiction of Domicile [Extensible Enumeration]	US	US
Percentage
Income tax at U.S. federal statutory rate	21.00%	21.00%
Nontaxable or nondeductible items	(0.50%)	(0.40%)
Total
US
Amount
Change in valuation allowance	$ 14,309	$ 9,575
Other	$ (37)	$ (999)
Percentage
Change in valuation allowance	(20.80%)	(18.30%)
Other	0.10%	1.90%
UK
Amount
Change in valuation allowance	$ (1,474)	$ (1,503)
Other	$ 181	$ 251
Percentage
Change in valuation allowance	2.10%	2.90%
Other	(0.30%)	(0.50%)
KY
Amount
Rate differential	$ 1,090	$ 3,471
Percentage
Rate differential	(1.60%)	(6.60%)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

Use of Estimates

Risks and Uncertainties

Segments


		Year Ended December 31,
		2025			2024
Research and development expenses:
Wages and benefits		$	7,381		$	3,543
Tibulizumab SSc Program			10,650			2,393
Tibulizumab HS Program			9,990			552
Tibulizumab Combined (SSc and HS) Programs			5,718			12,875
Additional product candidates (crebankitug and torudokimab)			4,393			1,543
Unallocated research and development expenses			1,938			1,271
General and administrative expenses:
Wages and benefits			10,635			6,395
Other general and administrative expenses			12,163			9,810
Stock-based compensation			12,332			16,798
Other segment items*			(6,550)			(2,777)
Net loss		$	68,650		$	52,403

*Other segment items include Depreciation and amortization, Interest income, Change in fair value of private placement warrants, and Other income (net).

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Property and Equipment

Research and Development

R&D Incentive Credits

Share-Based Compensation

Dividend Yield—We have never paid dividends on our ordinary shares and have no plans to pay dividends on our ordinary shares. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.

Income Taxes

Warrants

In connection with each of the April 2024 Private Placement and April 2023 Private Placement (each as defined herein), the Company issued pre-funded warrants.

Noncontrolling Interest

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

Net Loss Per Share

As of the periods presented, potentially dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share, because to do so would be anti-dilutive, were as follows:


		December 31,
		2025		2024
Shares issuable upon exercise of options to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares		14,110,191		10,175,633
Shares issuable upon exercise of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right		—		2,000,000
Shares issuable upon vesting of restricted share units		573,282		859,923
Restricted share awards		249,997		374,995
Total		14,933,470		13,410,551

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($)	Feb. 25, 2026	Feb. 24, 2026	Jan. 21, 2026	Jul. 24, 2024	Mar. 16, 2023	Dec. 31, 2025	Apr. 30, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Aug. 15, 2024
Subsequent Events
Share based payment award, option to vest (in years)					4 years
Class A ordinary shares, par value per share (in dollars per share)					$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001
Pre-Funded Warrants
Subsequent Events
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)									4,000,000
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per share)							$ 6,500,000		$ 0.001
Chief Executive Officer
Subsequent Events
Share based payment award, option to vest (in years)				3 years
Subsequent Events
Subsequent Events
Aggregate sales price	$ 135,100,000
Subsequent Events \| Pre-Funded Warrants
Subsequent Events
Sale of stock (in dollars per share)		$ 6.249
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)		1,800,000
Exercise price of warrants (in dollars per share)		$ 0.001
Subsequent Events \| Class A Ordinary shares
Subsequent Events
Number of shares issued (in shares)		21,200,000
Class A ordinary shares, par value per share (in dollars per share)		$ 0.0001
Sale of stock (in dollars per share)		$ 6.25
Subsequent Events \| Class A Ordinary shares \| Over-Allotment option
Subsequent Events
Number of shares issued (in shares)		3,000,000
Subsequent Events \| New-Hire option award
Subsequent Events
Share based payment award, option to purchase (in shares)			2,934,107
Share based payment award, option to vest (in years)			4 years
Share-based payment award, award vesting rights (in percentage)			25.00%
Share-based payment award, consecutive trading days			30 days
Subsequent Events \| Performance Option Award
Subsequent Events
Share based payment award, option to purchase (in shares)			505,881
Subsequent Events \| Resignation of Chief Executive Officer
Subsequent Events
Transition compensation amount			$ 72,000
Lump-sum severance payment (in months)			12 months
Share based payment award, accelerated vesting (in percentage)			25.00%
Subsequent Events \| Chief Executive Officer
Subsequent Events
Annual base salary			$ 655,000
Annual cash bonus (in percentage)			55.00%

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Schedule of provided to the chief operating decision maker


		Year Ended December 31,
		2025			2024
Research and development expenses:
Wages and benefits		$	7,381		$	3,543
Tibulizumab SSc Program			10,650			2,393
Tibulizumab HS Program			9,990			552
Tibulizumab Combined (SSc and HS) Programs			5,718			12,875
Additional product candidates (crebankitug and torudokimab)			4,393			1,543
Unallocated research and development expenses			1,938			1,271
General and administrative expenses:
Wages and benefits			10,635			6,395
Other general and administrative expenses			12,163			9,810
Stock-based compensation			12,332			16,798
Other segment items*			(6,550)			(2,777)
Net loss		$	68,650		$	52,403

*Other segment items include Depreciation and amortization, Interest income, Change in fair value of private placement warrants, and Other income (net).

Schedule of potentially dilutive securities not included in calculation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would be anti-dilutive


		December 31,
		2025		2024
Shares issuable upon exercise of options to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares		14,110,191		10,175,633
Shares issuable upon exercise of Z33 Series Seed Preferred Shares Put Right		—		2,000,000
Shares issuable upon vesting of restricted share units		573,282		859,923
Restricted share awards		249,997		374,995
Total		14,933,470		13,410,551

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Property and Equipment (Details)	Dec. 31, 2025
Computer and office equipment
Property and Equipment
Estimated useful life	3 years

Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Share-based Compensation

Schedule of restricted share units


				Weighted
		Number of		Average
		Options		Grant Date FV
Unvested RSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2024		874,923		$	5.99
Vested		(291,641)		$	5.99
Unvested RSUs as of December 31, 2025		583,282		$	5.99

Schedule of restricted share awards


				Weighted
				Average
		Number of		Grant Date
		Options		Fair Value
Unvested RSAs outstanding as of December 31, 2024		374,995		$	8.16
Vested		(124,998)		$	8.16
Unvested RSAs outstanding as of December 31, 2025		249,997		$	8.16

Schedule of share-based compensation expense


		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2025			2024
Research and development		$	2,014		$	2,223
General and administrative			10,318			14,575
Total share-based compensation expense		$	12,332		$	16,798

Equity Incentive Plan 2023

Share-based Compensation

Schedule of weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value


		For the Year Ended December 31,
		2025			2024
Share price		$	1.26		$	3.35
Expected volatility			102.2	%		101.1	%
Risk-free rate			4.1	%		4.2	%
Expected life			6.1 years			6.0 years
Expected dividend yield			—	%		—	%

Schedule of company's share option activity


								Weighted
					Weighted			Average		Aggregate
					Average			Remaining		Intrinsic
		Number of			Exercise Price			Contractual		Value
		Options			(per share)			Life (Years)		(in thousands)
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2024			12,217,747		$	2.88		8.9		$	8,388
Granted			5,859,490		$	1.26
Exercised			(80,718)		$	1.35
Forfeited			(1,533,508)		$	1.98
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2025			16,463,011		$	2.40		8.2		$	48,866
Options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2025			7,703,134		$	2.34		7.6		$	23,098

- Definition

Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.

+ References

+ Details